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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "BUSYBOX 1"
.TH BUSYBOX 1 "2023-04-23" "version 1.35.0" "busybox"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
BusyBox \- The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
.SH "SYNTAX"
.IX Header "SYNTAX"
.Vb 1
\& busybox <applet> [arguments...]  # or
\&
\& <applet> [arguments...]          # if symlinked
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common \s-1UNIX\s0 utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities
you usually find in \s-1GNU\s0 coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox
generally have fewer options than their full-featured \s-1GNU\s0 cousins; however, the
options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very
much like their \s-1GNU\s0 counterparts.
.PP
BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind.
It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or
features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded
systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel.
BusyBox provides a fairly complete \s-1POSIX\s0 environment for any small or embedded
system.
.PP
BusyBox is extremely configurable.  This allows you to include only the
components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make
menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.  Then run
\&'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.
.PP
After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory
specified by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX\s0 can be set when configuring BusyBox,
or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a
command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled
any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will
also be installed in the location pointed to by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX.\s0
.SH "USAGE"
.IX Header "USAGE"
BusyBox is a multi-call binary.  A multi-call binary is an executable program
that performs the same job as more than one utility program.  That means there
is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large
number of utilities.  This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in
utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common
operations.
.PP
You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
command line.  For example, entering
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        /bin/busybox ls
.Ve
.PP
will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
.PP
Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful.  So most
people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.
.PP
For example, entering
.PP
.Vb 2
\&        ln \-s /bin/busybox ls
\&        ./ls
.Ve
.PP
will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox).  Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these
links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run
the 'make install' command.
.PP
If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the
applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.
.SH "COMMON OPTIONS"
.IX Header "COMMON OPTIONS"
Most BusyBox applets support the \fB\-\-help\fR argument to provide a terse runtime
description of their behavior.  If the \s-1CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE\s0 option has
been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.
.SH "COMMANDS"
.IX Header "COMMANDS"
Currently available applets include:
.PP
.Vb 10
\&        [, [[, acpid, adjtimex, ar, arch, arp, arping, ascii, ash, awk,
\&        base64, basename, bc, blkdiscard, blkid, blockdev, brctl, bunzip2,
\&        bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear,
\&        cmp, cp, cpio, crc32, cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt,
\&        depmod, devmem, df, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsdomainname, dos2unix,
\&        du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, egrep, env, expand, expr, factor,
\&        fallocate, false, fatattr, fdisk, fgrep, find, findfs, fold, free,
\&        freeramdisk, fsfreeze, fstrim, ftpget, ftpput, getopt, getty, grep,
\&        groups, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd,
\&        hwclock, i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, i2ctransfer, id,
\&        ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, init, insmod, ionice, ip, ipcalc, ipneigh,
\&        kill, killall, klogd, last, less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc,
\&        ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup,
\&        ls, lsmod, lsscsi, lzcat, lzma, lzop, md5sum, mdev, microcom, mim,
\&        mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp,
\&        modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nl,
\&        nologin, nproc, nsenter, nslookup, nuke, od, openvt, partprobe,
\&        paste, patch, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps,
\&        pwd, rdate, readlink, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, resume, rev,
\&        rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, run\-init, run\-parts, sed,
\&        seq, setkeycodes, setpriv, setsid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha3sum,
\&        sha512sum, shred, shuf, sleep, sort, ssl_client, start\-stop\-daemon,
\&        stat, strings, stty, svc, svok, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync,
\&        sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tee, telnet, test, tftp,
\&        time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, traceroute6, true,
\&        truncate, ts, tty, ubirename, udhcpc, udhcpd, uevent, umount, uname,
\&        uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlink, unlzma, unshare, unxz,
\&        unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, w, watch,
\&        watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, xxd, xz, xzcat, yes,
\&        zcat
.Ve
.SH "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS"
.IX Header "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS"
.IP "\fBacpid\fR" 4
.IX Item "acpid"
acpid [\-df] [\-c \s-1CONFDIR\s0] [\-l \s-1LOGFILE\s0] [\-a \s-1ACTIONFILE\s0] [\-M \s-1MAPFILE\s0] [\-e \s-1PROC_EVENT_FILE\s0] [\-p \s-1PIDFILE\s0]
.Sp
Listen to \s-1ACPI\s0 events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-d      Log to stderr, not log file (implies \-f)
\&        \-f      Run in foreground
\&        \-c DIR  Config directory [/etc/acpi]
\&        \-e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event]
\&        \-l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log]
\&        \-p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid]
\&        \-a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf]
\&        \-M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map]
.Ve
.Sp
Accept and ignore compatibility options \-g \-m \-s \-S \-v
.IP "\fBadjtimex\fR" 4
.IX Item "adjtimex"
adjtimex [\-q] [\-o \s-1OFS\s0] [\-f \s-1FREQ\s0] [\-p \s-1TCONST\s0] [\-t \s-1TICK\s0]
.Sp
Read or set kernel time variables. See \fBadjtimex\fR\|(2)
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-o OFF  Time offset, microseconds
\&        \-f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
\&        \-t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
\&                (positive \-t or \-f values make clock run faster)
\&        \-p TCONST
.Ve
.IP "\fBar\fR" 4
.IX Item "ar"
ar x|p|t [\-ov] \s-1ARCHIVE\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Extract or list FILEs from an ar archive
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        x       Extract
\&        p       Extract to stdout
\&        t       List
\&        \-o      Restore mtime
\&        \-v      Verbose
.Ve
.IP "\fBarch\fR" 4
.IX Item "arch"
arch
.Sp
Print system architecture
.IP "\fBarp\fR" 4
.IX Item "arp"
arp 
[\-vn]	[\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-a [\s-1HOSTNAME\s0]
[\-v]		    [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-d \s-1HOSTNAME\s0 [pub]
[\-v]	[\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-s \s-1HOSTNAME HWADDR\s0 [temp]
[\-v]	[\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-s \s-1HOSTNAME HWADDR\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0] pub
[\-v]	[\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-Ds \s-1HOSTNAME IFACE\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0] pub
.Sp
Manipulate \s-1ARP\s0 cache
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-a              Display (all) hosts
\&        \-d              Delete ARP entry
\&        \-s              Set new entry
\&        \-v              Verbose
\&        \-n              Don\*(Aqt resolve names
\&        \-i IF           Network interface
\&        \-D              Read HWADDR from IFACE
\&        \-A,\-p AF        Protocol family
\&        \-H HWTYPE       Hardware address type
.Ve
.IP "\fBarping\fR" 4
.IX Item "arping"
arping [\-fqbDUA] [\-c \s-1CNT\s0] [\-w \s-1TIMEOUT\s0] [\-I \s-1IFACE\s0] [\-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] \s-1DST_IP\s0
.Sp
Send \s-1ARP\s0 requests/replies
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-f              Quit on first ARP reply
\&        \-q              Quiet
\&        \-b              Keep broadcasting, don\*(Aqt go unicast
\&        \-D              Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies
\&        \-U              Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
\&        \-A              ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
\&        \-c N            Stop after sending N ARP requests
\&        \-w TIMEOUT      Seconds to wait for ARP reply
\&        \-I IFACE        Interface to use (default eth0)
\&        \-s SRC_IP       Sender IP address
\&        DST_IP          Target IP address
.Ve
.IP "\fBash\fR" 4
.IX Item "ash"
ash [\-il] [\-|+Cabefmnuvx] [\-|+o \s-1OPT\s0]... [\-c '\s-1SCRIPT\s0' [\s-1ARG0 ARGS\s0] | \s-1FILE ARGS\s0 | \-s \s-1ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Unix shell interpreter
.IP "\fBawk\fR" 4
.IX Item "awk"
awk [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1AWK_PROGRAM\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-v VAR=VAL      Set variable
\&        \-F SEP          Use SEP as field separator
\&        \-f FILE         Read program from FILE
\&        \-e AWK_PROGRAM
.Ve
.IP "\fBbase64\fR" 4
.IX Item "base64"
base64 [\-d] [\-w \s-1COL\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Base64 encode or decode \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-d      Decode data
\&        \-w COL  Wrap lines at COL (default 76, 0 disables)
.Ve
.IP "\fBbasename\fR" 4
.IX Item "basename"
basename \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1SUFFIX\s0] | \-a \s-1FILE...\s0 | \-s \s-1SUFFIX FILE...\s0
.Sp
Strip directory path and \s-1SUFFIX\s0 from \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-a              All arguments are FILEs
\&        \-s SUFFIX       Remove SUFFIX (implies \-a)
.Ve
.IP "\fBbc\fR" 4
.IX Item "bc"
bc [\-sqlw] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Arbitrary precision calculator
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-l      Load standard library
\&        \-s      Be POSIX compatible
\&        \-w      Warn if extensions are used
.Ve
.Sp
\&\f(CW$BC_LINE_LENGTH\fR changes output width
.IP "\fBblkdiscard\fR" 4
.IX Item "blkdiscard"
blkdiscard [\-o \s-1OFS\s0] [\-l \s-1LEN\s0] [\-s] \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
Discard sectors on \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-o OFS  Byte offset into device
\&        \-l LEN  Number of bytes to discard
\&        \-s      Perform a secure discard
.Ve
.IP "\fBblkid\fR" 4
.IX Item "blkid"
blkid [\s-1BLOCKDEV\s0]...
.Sp
Print UUIDs of all filesystems
.IP "\fBblockdev\fR" 4
.IX Item "blockdev"
blockdev \s-1OPTION BLOCKDEV\s0
.Sp
.Vb 12
\&        \-\-setro         Set ro
\&        \-\-setrw         Set rw
\&        \-\-getro         Get ro
\&        \-\-getss         Get sector size
\&        \-\-getbsz        Get block size
\&        \-\-setbsz BYTES  Set block size
\&        \-\-getsz         Get device size in 512\-byte sectors
\&        \-\-getsize64     Get device size in bytes
\&        \-\-getra         Get readahead in 512\-byte sectors
\&        \-\-setra SECTORS Set readahead
\&        \-\-flushbufs     Flush buffers
\&        \-\-rereadpt      Reread partition table
.Ve
.IP "\fBbrctl\fR" 4
.IX Item "brctl"
brctl \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1BRIDGE\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]]
.Sp
Manage ethernet bridges
Commands:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        addbr BRIDGE            Create BRIDGE
\&        delbr BRIDGE            Delete BRIDGE
\&        addif BRIDGE IFACE      Add IFACE to BRIDGE
\&        delif BRIDGE IFACE      Delete IFACE from BRIDGE
.Ve
.IP "\fBbunzip2\fR" 4
.IX Item "bunzip2"
bunzip2 [\-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBbzcat\fR" 4
.IX Item "bzcat"
bzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress to stdout
.IP "\fBbzip2\fR" 4
.IX Item "bzip2"
bzip2 [\-cfkdt123456789] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-1..9   Compression level
\&        \-d      Decompress
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBcal\fR" 4
.IX Item "cal"
cal [\-jmy] [[\s-1MONTH\s0] \s-1YEAR\s0]
.Sp
Display a calendar
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-j      Use julian dates
\&        \-m      Week starts on Monday
\&        \-y      Display the entire year
.Ve
.IP "\fBcat\fR" 4
.IX Item "cat"
cat [\-nbvteA] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print FILEs to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-n      Number output lines
\&        \-b      Number nonempty lines
\&        \-v      Show nonprinting characters as ^x or M\-x
\&        \-t      ...and tabs as ^I
\&        \-e      ...and end lines with $
\&        \-A      Same as \-vte
.Ve
.IP "\fBchgrp\fR" 4
.IX Item "chgrp"
chgrp [\-RhLHPcvf]... \s-1GROUP FILE...\s0
.Sp
Change the group membership of FILEs to \s-1GROUP\s0
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
\&        \-L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
\&        \-H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
\&        \-P      Don\*(Aqt traverse symlinks (default)
\&        \-R      Recurse
\&        \-c      List changed files
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-f      Hide errors
.Ve
.IP "\fBchmod\fR" 4
.IX Item "chmod"
chmod [\-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
\&\s-1MODE\s0 is octal number (bit pattern sstrwxrwxrwx) or [ugoa]{+|\-|=}[rwxXst]
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-R      Recurse
\&        \-c      List changed files
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-f      Hide errors
.Ve
.IP "\fBchown\fR" 4
.IX Item "chown"
chown [\-RhLHPcvf]... USER[:[\s-1GRP\s0]] \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Change the owner and/or group of FILEs to \s-1USER\s0 and/or \s-1GRP\s0
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
\&        \-L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
\&        \-H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
\&        \-P      Don\*(Aqt traverse symlinks (default)
\&        \-R      Recurse
\&        \-c      List changed files
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-f      Hide errors
.Ve
.IP "\fBchroot\fR" 4
.IX Item "chroot"
chroot \s-1NEWROOT\s0 [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Run \s-1PROG\s0 with root directory set to \s-1NEWROOT\s0
.IP "\fBchvt\fR" 4
.IX Item "chvt"
chvt N
.Sp
Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
.IP "\fBclear\fR" 4
.IX Item "clear"
clear
.Sp
Clear screen
.IP "\fBcmp\fR" 4
.IX Item "cmp"
cmp [\-ls] [\-n \s-1NUM\s0] \s-1FILE1\s0 [\s-1FILE2\s0 [\s-1SKIP1\s0 [\s-1SKIP2\s0]]]
.Sp
Compare \s-1FILE1\s0 with \s-1FILE2\s0 (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
\&                for all differing bytes
\&        \-s      Quiet
\&        \-n NUM  Compare at most NUM bytes
.Ve
.IP "\fBcp\fR" 4
.IX Item "cp"
cp [\-arPLHpfinlsTu] \s-1SOURCE DEST\s0
or: cp [\-arPLHpfinlsu] \s-1SOURCE...\s0 { \-t \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 | \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 }
.Sp
Copy SOURCEs to \s-1DEST\s0
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-a      Same as \-dpR
\&        \-R,\-r   Recurse
\&        \-d,\-P   Preserve symlinks (default if \-R)
\&        \-L      Follow all symlinks
\&        \-H      Follow symlinks on command line
\&        \-p      Preserve file attributes if possible
\&        \-f      Overwrite
\&        \-i      Prompt before overwrite
\&        \-n      Don\*(Aqt overwrite
\&        \-l,\-s   Create (sym)links
\&        \-T      Refuse to copy if DEST is a directory
\&        \-t DIR  Copy all SOURCEs into DIR
\&        \-u      Copy only newer files
.Ve
.IP "\fBcpio\fR" 4
.IX Item "cpio"
cpio [\-dmvu] [\-F \s-1FILE\s0] [\-R USER[:GRP]] [\-H newc] [\-tio] [\s-1EXTR_FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Extract (\-i) or list (\-t) files from a cpio archive, or
take file list from stdin and create an archive (\-o)
.Sp
Main operation mode:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-t      List
\&        \-i      Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all)
\&        \-o      Create (requires \-H newc)
\&Options:
\&
\&        \-H newc Archive format
\&        \-d      Make leading directories
\&        \-m      Restore mtime
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-u      Overwrite
\&        \-F FILE Input (\-t,\-i,\-p) or output (\-o) file
\&        \-R USER[:GRP]   Set owner of created files
\&        \-L      Dereference symlinks
\&        \-0      NUL terminated input
\&        \-\-ignore\-devno
\&        \-\-renumber\-inodes
.Ve
.IP "\fBcrc32\fR" 4
.IX Item "crc32"
crc32 \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Calculate \s-1CRC32\s0 checksum of FILEs
.IP "\fBcttyhack\fR" 4
.IX Item "cttyhack"
cttyhack [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Give \s-1PROG\s0 a controlling tty if possible.
Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init):
	::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh
Giving controlling tty to shell running with \s-1PID 1:\s0
	$ exec cttyhack sh
Starting interactive shell from boot shell script:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        setsid cttyhack sh
.Ve
.IP "\fBcut\fR" 4
.IX Item "cut"
cut [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print selected fields from FILEs to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
\&        \-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
\&        \-d SEP  Field delimiter for input (default \-f TAB, \-F run of whitespace)
\&        \-O SEP  Field delimiter for output (default = \-d for \-f, one space for \-F)
\&        \-D      Don\*(Aqt sort/collate sections or match \-fF lines without delimiter
\&        \-f LIST Print only these fields (\-d is single char)
\&        \-F LIST Print only these fields (\-d is regex)
\&        \-s      Output only lines containing delimiter
\&        \-n      Ignored
.Ve
.IP "\fBdate\fR" 4
.IX Item "date"
date [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [+FMT] [[\-s] \s-1TIME\s0]
.Sp
Display time (using +FMT), or set time
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-u              Work in UTC (don\*(Aqt convert to local time)
\&        [\-s] TIME       Set time to TIME
\&        \-d TIME         Display TIME, not \*(Aqnow\*(Aq
\&        \-D FMT          FMT (strptime format) for \-s/\-d TIME conversion
\&        \-r FILE         Display last modification time of FILE
\&        \-R              Output RFC\-2822 date
\&        \-I[SPEC]        Output ISO\-8601 date
\&                        SPEC=date (default), hours, minutes, seconds or ns
.Ve
.Sp
Recognized \s-1TIME\s0 formats:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        @seconds_since_1970
\&        hh:mm[:ss]
\&        [YYYY.]MM.DD\-hh:mm[:ss]
\&        YYYY\-MM\-DD hh:mm[:ss]
\&        [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
\&        \*(Aqdate TIME\*(Aq form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead
.Ve
.IP "\fBdc\fR" 4
.IX Item "dc"
dc [\-x] [\-eSCRIPT]... [\-fFILE]... [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Tiny \s-1RPN\s0 calculator. Operations:
Arithmetic: + \- * / % ^
~ \- divide with remainder
| \- modular exponentiation
v \- square root
p \- print top of the stack without popping
f \- print entire stack
k \- pop the value and set precision
i \- pop the value and set input radix
o \- pop the value and set output radix
Examples: dc \-e'2 2 + p' \-> 4, dc \-e'8 8 * 2 2 + / p' \-> 16
.IP "\fBdd\fR" 4
.IX Item "dd"
dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N obs=N/bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N]
	[conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync]
	[iflag=skip_bytes|count_bytes|fullblock|direct] [oflag=seek_bytes|append|direct]
.Sp
Copy a file with converting and formatting
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        if=FILE         Read from FILE instead of stdin
\&        of=FILE         Write to FILE instead of stdout
\&        bs=N            Read and write N bytes at a time
\&        ibs=N           Read N bytes at a time
\&        obs=N           Write N bytes at a time
\&        count=N         Copy only N input blocks
\&        skip=N          Skip N input blocks
\&        seek=N          Skip N output blocks
\&        conv=notrunc    Don\*(Aqt truncate output file
\&        conv=noerror    Continue after read errors
\&        conv=sync       Pad blocks with zeros
\&        conv=fsync      Physically write data out before finishing
\&        conv=swab       Swap every pair of bytes
\&        iflag=skip_bytes        skip=N is in bytes
\&        iflag=count_bytes       count=N is in bytes
\&        oflag=seek_bytes        seek=N is in bytes
\&        iflag=direct    O_DIRECT input
\&        oflag=direct    O_DIRECT output
\&        iflag=fullblock Read full blocks
\&        oflag=append    Open output in append mode
\&        status=noxfer   Suppress rate output
\&        status=none     Suppress all output
.Ve
.Sp
N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), \s-1MB, M, GB, G\s0
.IP "\fBdeallocvt\fR" 4
.IX Item "deallocvt"
deallocvt [N]
.Sp
Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
.IP "\fBdepmod\fR" 4
.IX Item "depmod"
depmod [\-n] [\-b \s-1BASE\s0] [\s-1VERSION\s0] [\s-1MODFILES\s0]...
.Sp
Generate modules.dep, alias, and symbols files
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-b BASE Use BASE/lib/modules/VERSION
\&        \-n      Dry run: print files to stdout
.Ve
.IP "\fBdevmem\fR" 4
.IX Item "devmem"
devmem \s-1ADDRESS\s0 [\s-1WIDTH\s0 [\s-1VALUE\s0]]
.Sp
Read/write from physical address
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        ADDRESS Address to act upon
\&        WIDTH   Width (8/16/...)
\&        VALUE   Data to be written
.Ve
.IP "\fBdf\fR" 4
.IX Item "df"
df [\-PkmhTai] [\-B \s-1SIZE\s0] [\-t \s-1TYPE\s0] [\s-1FILESYSTEM\s0]...
.Sp
Print filesystem usage statistics
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-P      POSIX output format
\&        \-k      1024\-byte blocks (default)
\&        \-m      1M\-byte blocks
\&        \-h      Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
\&        \-T      Print filesystem type
\&        \-t TYPE Print only mounts of this type
\&        \-a      Show all filesystems
\&        \-i      Inodes
\&        \-B SIZE Blocksize
.Ve
.IP "\fBdiff\fR" 4
.IX Item "diff"
diff [\-abBdiNqrTstw] [\-L \s-1LABEL\s0] [\-S \s-1FILE\s0] [\-U \s-1LINES\s0] \s-1FILE1 FILE2\s0
.Sp
Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
This implementation supports unified diffs only.
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-a      Treat all files as text
\&        \-b      Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
\&        \-B      Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
\&        \-d      Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
\&        \-i      Ignore case differences
\&        \-L      Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
\&        \-N      Treat absent files as empty
\&        \-q      Output only whether files differ
\&        \-r      Recurse
\&        \-S      Start with FILE when comparing directories
\&        \-T      Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
\&        \-s      Report when two files are the same
\&        \-t      Expand tabs to spaces in output
\&        \-U      Output LINES lines of context
\&        \-w      Ignore all whitespace
.Ve
.IP "\fBdirname\fR" 4
.IX Item "dirname"
dirname \s-1FILENAME\s0
.Sp
Strip non-directory suffix from \s-1FILENAME\s0
.IP "\fBdmesg\fR" 4
.IX Item "dmesg"
dmesg [\-cr] [\-n \s-1LEVEL\s0] [\-s \s-1SIZE\s0]
.Sp
Print or control the kernel ring buffer
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c              Clear ring buffer after printing
\&        \-n LEVEL        Set console logging level
\&        \-s SIZE         Buffer size
\&        \-r              Print raw message buffer
.Ve
.IP "\fBdos2unix\fR" 4
.IX Item "dos2unix"
dos2unix [\-ud] [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from \s-1DOS\s0 to Unix format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-u      dos2unix
\&        \-d      unix2dos
.Ve
.IP "\fBdu\fR" 4
.IX Item "du"
du [\-aHLdclsxhmk] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Summarize disk space used for FILEs (or directories)
.Sp
.Vb 12
\&        \-a      Show file sizes too
\&        \-b      Apparent size (including holes)
\&        \-L      Follow all symlinks
\&        \-H      Follow symlinks on command line
\&        \-d N    Limit output to directories (and files with \-a) of depth < N
\&        \-c      Show grand total
\&        \-l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
\&        \-s      Display only a total for each argument
\&        \-x      Skip directories on different filesystems
\&        \-h      Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
\&        \-m      Sizes in megabytes
\&        \-k      Sizes in kilobytes (default)
.Ve
.IP "\fBdumpkmap\fR" 4
.IX Item "dumpkmap"
dumpkmap > keymap
.Sp
Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout
.IP "\fBdumpleases\fR" 4
.IX Item "dumpleases"
dumpleases [\-r|\-a] [\-d] [\-f \s-1LEASEFILE\s0]
.Sp
Display \s-1DHCP\s0 leases granted by udhcpd
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-f FILE Lease file
\&        \-r      Show remaining time
\&        \-a      Show expiration time
\&        \-d      Show time in seconds
.Ve
.IP "\fBecho\fR" 4
.IX Item "echo"
echo [\-neE] [\s-1ARG\s0]...
.Sp
Print ARGs to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-n      No trailing newline
\&        \-e      Interpret backslash escapes (\et=tab etc)
\&        \-E      Don\*(Aqt interpret backslash escapes (default)
.Ve
.IP "\fBenv\fR" 4
.IX Item "env"
env [\-i0] [\-u \s-1NAME\s0]... [\-] [NAME=VALUE]... [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Print current environment or run \s-1PROG\s0 after setting up environment
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-, \-i   Start with empty environment
\&        \-0      NUL terminated output
\&        \-u NAME Remove variable from environment
.Ve
.IP "\fBexpand\fR" 4
.IX Item "expand"
expand [\-i] [\-t N] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-i      Don\*(Aqt convert tabs after non blanks
\&        \-t      Tabstops every N chars
.Ve
.IP "\fBexpr\fR" 4
.IX Item "expr"
expr \s-1EXPRESSION\s0
.Sp
Print the value of \s-1EXPRESSION\s0
.Sp
\&\s-1EXPRESSION\s0 may be:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        ARG1 | ARG2     ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
\&        ARG1 & ARG2     ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
\&        ARG1 < ARG2     1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
\&        ARG1 <= ARG2
\&        ARG1 = ARG2
\&        ARG1 != ARG2
\&        ARG1 >= ARG2
\&        ARG1 > ARG2
\&        ARG1 + ARG2     Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
\&        ARG1 \- ARG2
\&        ARG1 * ARG2
\&        ARG1 / ARG2
\&        ARG1 % ARG2
\&        STRING : REGEXP         Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
\&        match STRING REGEXP     Same as STRING : REGEXP
\&        substr STRING POS LEN   Substring of STRING, POS counts from 1
\&        index STRING CHARS      Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
\&        length STRING           Length of STRING
\&        quote TOKEN             Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
\&                                it is a keyword like \*(Aqmatch\*(Aq or an
\&                                operator like \*(Aq/\*(Aq
\&        (EXPRESSION)            Value of EXPRESSION
.Ve
.Sp
Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
\&\e( and \e) or null; if \e( and \e) are not used, they return the number
of characters matched or 0.
.IP "\fBfactor\fR" 4
.IX Item "factor"
factor [\s-1NUMBER\s0]...
.Sp
Print prime factors
.IP "\fBfallocate\fR" 4
.IX Item "fallocate"
fallocate [\-o \s-1OFS\s0] \-l \s-1LEN FILE\s0
.Sp
Preallocate space for \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-o OFS  Offset of range
\&        \-l LEN  Length of range
.Ve
.IP "\fBfatattr\fR" 4
.IX Item "fatattr"
fatattr [\-+rhsvda] \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Change file attributes on \s-1FAT\s0 filesystem
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-       Clear attributes
\&        +       Set attributes
\&        r       Read only
\&        h       Hidden
\&        s       System
\&        v       Volume label
\&        d       Directory
\&        a       Archive
.Ve
.IP "\fBfdisk\fR" 4
.IX Item "fdisk"
fdisk [\-ul] [\-C \s-1CYLINDERS\s0] [\-H \s-1HEADS\s0] [\-S \s-1SECTORS\s0] [\-b \s-1SSZ\s0] \s-1DISK\s0
.Sp
Change partition table
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-u              Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
\&        \-l              Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
\&        \-b 2048         (for certain MO disks) use 2048\-byte sectors
\&        \-C CYLINDERS    Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
\&        \-H HEADS        Typically 255
\&        \-S SECTORS      Typically 63
.Ve
.IP "\fBfind\fR" 4
.IX Item "find"
find [\-HL] [\s-1PATH\s0]... [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1ACTIONS\s0]
.Sp
Search for files and perform actions on them.
First failed action stops processing of current file.
Defaults: \s-1PATH\s0 is current directory, action is '\-print'
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-L,\-follow      Follow symlinks
\&        \-H              ...on command line only
\&        \-xdev           Don\*(Aqt descend directories on other filesystems
\&        \-maxdepth N     Descend at most N levels. \-maxdepth 0 applies
\&                        actions to command line arguments only
\&        \-mindepth N     Don\*(Aqt act on first N levels
\&        \-depth          Act on directory *after* traversing it
.Ve
.Sp
Actions:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        ( ACTIONS )     Group actions for \-o / \-a
\&        ! ACT           Invert ACT\*(Aqs success/failure
\&        ACT1 [\-a] ACT2  If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
\&        ACT1 \-o ACT2    If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
\&                        Note: \-a has higher priority than \-o
\&        \-name PATTERN   Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
\&        \-iname PATTERN  Case insensitive \-name
\&        \-path PATTERN   Match path to PATTERN
\&        \-ipath PATTERN  Case insensitive \-path
\&        \-regex PATTERN  Match path to regex PATTERN
\&        \-type X         File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,s,p)
\&        \-executable     File is executable
\&        \-perm MASK      At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (\-MASK),
\&                        or exactly MASK bits are set in file\*(Aqs mode
\&        \-mtime DAYS     mtime is greater than (+N), less than (\-N),
\&                        or exactly N days in the past
\&        \-atime DAYS     atime +N/\-N/N days in the past
\&        \-ctime DAYS     ctime +N/\-N/N days in the past
\&        \-mmin MINS      mtime is greater than (+N), less than (\-N),
\&                        or exactly N minutes in the past
\&        \-amin MINS      atime +N/\-N/N minutes in the past
\&        \-cmin MINS      ctime +N/\-N/N minutes in the past
\&        \-newer FILE     mtime is more recent than FILE\*(Aqs
\&        \-inum N         File has inode number N
\&        \-samefile FILE  File is same as FILE
\&        \-user NAME/ID   File is owned by given user
\&        \-group NAME/ID  File is owned by given group
\&        \-size N[bck]    File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
\&                        +/\-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
\&        \-links N        Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (\-N),
\&                        or exactly N
\&        \-empty          Match empty file/directory
\&        \-prune          If current file is directory, don\*(Aqt descend into it
\&If none of the following actions is specified, \-print is assumed
\&        \-print          Print file name
\&        \-print0         Print file name, NUL terminated
\&        \-exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
\&                        file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
\&        \-exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names
\&        \-quit           Exit
.Ve
.IP "\fBfindfs\fR" 4
.IX Item "findfs"
findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid
.Sp
Find a filesystem device based on a label or \s-1UUID\s0
.IP "\fBfold\fR" 4
.IX Item "fold"
fold [\-bs] [\-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Wrap input lines in FILEs (or stdin), writing to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-b      Count bytes rather than columns
\&        \-s      Break at spaces
\&        \-w      Use WIDTH columns instead of 80
.Ve
.IP "\fBfree\fR" 4
.IX Item "free"
free [\-bkmgh]
.Sp
Display free and used memory
.IP "\fBfreeramdisk\fR" 4
.IX Item "freeramdisk"
freeramdisk \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk
.IP "\fBfsfreeze\fR" 4
.IX Item "fsfreeze"
fsfreeze \-\-[un]freeze \s-1MOUNTPOINT\s0
.Sp
Flush and halt writes to \s-1MOUNTPOINT\s0
.IP "\fBfstrim\fR" 4
.IX Item "fstrim"
fstrim [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1MOUNTPOINT\s0
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-o OFFSET       Offset in bytes to discard from
\&        \-l LEN          Bytes to discard
\&        \-m MIN          Minimum extent length
\&        \-v              Print number of discarded bytes
.Ve
.IP "\fBftpget\fR" 4
.IX Item "ftpget"
ftpget [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0] \s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0
.Sp
Download a file via \s-1FTP\s0
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-c      Continue previous transfer
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-u USER Username
\&        \-p PASS Password
\&        \-P PORT
.Ve
.IP "\fBftpput\fR" 4
.IX Item "ftpput"
ftpput [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0] \s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0
.Sp
Upload a file to a \s-1FTP\s0 server
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-u USER Username
\&        \-p PASS Password
\&        \-P PORT
.Ve
.IP "\fBgetopt\fR" 4
.IX Item "getopt"
getopt [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-\-] \s-1OPTSTRING PARAMS\s0
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-a              Allow long options starting with single \-
\&        \-l LOPT[,...]   Long options to recognize
\&        \-n PROGNAME     The name under which errors are reported
\&        \-o OPTSTRING    Short options to recognize
\&        \-q              No error messages on unrecognized options
\&        \-Q              No normal output
\&        \-s SHELL        Set shell quoting conventions
\&        \-T              Version test (exits with 4)
\&        \-u              Don\*(Aqt quote output
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
O=`getopt \-l bb: \*(-- ab:c:: \*(L"$@\*(R"` || exit 1
eval set \*(-- \*(L"$O\*(R"
while true; do
	case \*(L"$1\*(R" in
	\-a)	echo A; shift;;
	\-b|\-\-bb) echo \*(L"B:'$2'\*(R"; shift 2;;
	\-c)	case \*(L"$2\*(R" in
		"\*(L")	echo C; shift 2;;
		*)	echo \*(R"C:'$2'"; shift 2;;
		esac;;
	\-\-)	shift; break;;
	*)	echo Error; exit 1;;
	esac
done
.IP "\fBgetty\fR" 4
.IX Item "getty"
getty [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... \s-1TTY\s0 [\s-1TERMTYPE\s0]
.Sp
Open \s-1TTY,\s0 prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-h              Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control
\&        \-L              Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state)
\&        \-m              Get baud rate from modem\*(Aqs CONNECT status message
\&        \-n              Don\*(Aqt prompt for login name
\&        \-w              Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
\&        \-i              Don\*(Aqt display /etc/issue
\&        \-f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
\&        \-l LOGIN        Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
\&        \-t SEC          Terminate after SEC if no login name is read
\&        \-I INITSTR      Send INITSTR before anything else
\&        \-H HOST         Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname
.Ve
.Sp
\&\s-1BAUD_RATE\s0 of 0 leaves it unchanged
.IP "\fBgrep\fR" 4
.IX Item "grep"
grep [\-HhnlLoqvsrRiwFEz] [\-m N] [\-A|B|C N] { \s-1PATTERN\s0 | \-e \s-1PATTERN...\s0 | \-f \s-1FILE...\s0 } [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Search for \s-1PATTERN\s0 in FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-H      Add \*(Aqfilename:\*(Aq prefix
\&        \-h      Do not add \*(Aqfilename:\*(Aq prefix
\&        \-n      Add \*(Aqline_no:\*(Aq prefix
\&        \-l      Show only names of files that match
\&        \-L      Show only names of files that don\*(Aqt match
\&        \-c      Show only count of matching lines
\&        \-o      Show only the matching part of line
\&        \-q      Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
\&        \-v      Select non\-matching lines
\&        \-s      Suppress open and read errors
\&        \-r      Recurse
\&        \-R      Recurse and dereference symlinks
\&        \-i      Ignore case
\&        \-w      Match whole words only
\&        \-x      Match whole lines only
\&        \-F      PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
\&        \-E      PATTERN is an extended regexp
\&        \-z      NUL terminated input
\&        \-m N    Match up to N times per file
\&        \-A N    Print N lines of trailing context
\&        \-B N    Print N lines of leading context
\&        \-C N    Same as \*(Aq\-A N \-B N\*(Aq
\&        \-e PTRN Pattern to match
\&        \-f FILE Read pattern from file
.Ve
.IP "\fBgroups\fR" 4
.IX Item "groups"
groups [\s-1USER\s0]
.Sp
Print the groups \s-1USER\s0 is in
.IP "\fBgunzip\fR" 4
.IX Item "gunzip"
gunzip [\-cfkt] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBgzip\fR" 4
.IX Item "gzip"
gzip [\-cfkdt] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Compress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-d      Decompress
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBhalt\fR" 4
.IX Item "halt"
halt [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-nfw]
.Sp
Halt the system
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-d SEC  Delay interval
\&        \-n      Do not sync
\&        \-f      Force (don\*(Aqt go through init)
\&        \-w      Only write a wtmp record
.Ve
.IP "\fBhead\fR" 4
.IX Item "head"
head [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print first 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin).
With more than one \s-1FILE,\s0 precede each with a filename header.
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-n N[bkm]       Print first N lines
\&        \-n \-N[bkm]      Print all except N last lines
\&        \-c [\-]N[bkm]    Print first N bytes
\&                        (b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2)
\&        \-q              Never print headers
\&        \-v              Always print headers
.Ve
.IP "\fBhexdump\fR" 4
.IX Item "hexdump"
hexdump [\-bcdoxCv] [\-e \s-1FMT\s0] [\-f \s-1FMT_FILE\s0] [\-n \s-1LEN\s0] [\-s \s-1OFS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-b              1\-byte octal display
\&        \-c              1\-byte character display
\&        \-d              2\-byte decimal display
\&        \-o              2\-byte octal display
\&        \-x              2\-byte hex display
\&        \-C              hex+ASCII 16 bytes per line
\&        \-v              Show all (no dup folding)
\&        \-e FORMAT_STR   Example: \*(Aq16/1 "%02x|""\en"\*(Aq
\&        \-f FORMAT_FILE
\&        \-n LENGTH       Show only first LENGTH bytes
\&        \-s OFFSET       Skip OFFSET bytes
.Ve
.IP "\fBhostid\fR" 4
.IX Item "hostid"
hostid
.Sp
Print out a unique 32\-bit identifier for the machine
.IP "\fBhostname\fR" 4
.IX Item "hostname"
hostname [\-sidf] [\s-1HOSTNAME\s0 | \-F \s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Show or set hostname or \s-1DNS\s0 domain name
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-s      Short
\&        \-i      Addresses for the hostname
\&        \-d      DNS domain name
\&        \-f      Fully qualified domain name
\&        \-F FILE Use FILE\*(Aqs content as hostname
.Ve
.IP "\fBhttpd\fR" 4
.IX Item "httpd"
httpd [\-ifv[v]] [\-c \s-1CONFFILE\s0] [\-p [\s-1IP:\s0]PORT] [\-u USER[:GRP]] [\-r \s-1REALM\s0] [\-h \s-1HOME\s0]
or httpd \-d/\-e/\-m \s-1STRING\s0
.Sp
Listen for incoming \s-1HTTP\s0 requests
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-i              Inetd mode
\&        \-f              Run in foreground
\&        \-v[v]           Verbose
\&        \-p [IP:]PORT    Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80)
\&        \-u USER[:GRP]   Set uid/gid after binding to port
\&        \-r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
\&        \-h HOME         Home directory (default .)
\&        \-c FILE         Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
\&        \-m STRING       MD5 crypt STRING
\&        \-e STRING       HTML encode STRING
\&        \-d STRING       URL decode STRING
.Ve
.IP "\fBhwclock\fR" 4
.IX Item "hwclock"
hwclock [\-swul] [\-\-systz] [\-f \s-1DEV\s0]
.Sp
Show or set hardware clock (\s-1RTC\s0)
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-s      Set system time from RTC
\&        \-w      Set RTC from system time
\&        \-\-systz Set in\-kernel timezone, correct system time
\&                if RTC is kept in local time
\&        \-f DEV  Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)
\&        \-u      Assume RTC is kept in UTC
\&        \-l      Assume RTC is kept in local time
\&                (if neither is given, read from /etc/adjtime)
.Ve
.IP "\fBi2cdetect\fR" 4
.IX Item "i2cdetect"
i2cdetect \-l | \-F I2CBUS | [\-ya] [\-q|\-r] I2CBUS [\s-1FIRST LAST\s0]
.Sp
Detect I2C chips
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-l      List installed buses
\&        \-F BUS# List functionalities on this bus
\&        \-y      Disable interactive mode
\&        \-a      Force scanning of non\-regular addresses
\&        \-q      Use smbus quick write commands for probing (default)
\&        \-r      Use smbus read byte commands for probing
\&        FIRST and LAST limit probing range
.Ve
.IP "\fBi2cdump\fR" 4
.IX Item "i2cdump"
i2cdump [\-fy] [\-r \s-1FIRST\-LAST\s0] \s-1BUS ADDR\s0 [\s-1MODE\s0]
.Sp
Examine I2C registers
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        I2CBUS  I2C bus number
\&        ADDRESS 0x03\-0x77
\&MODE is:
\&
\&        b       Byte (default)
\&        w       Word
\&        W       Word on even register addresses
\&        i       I2C block
\&        s       SMBus block
\&        c       Consecutive byte
\&        Append p for SMBus PEC
\&
\&        \-f      Force access
\&        \-y      Disable interactive mode
\&        \-r      Limit the number of registers being accessed
.Ve
.IP "\fBi2cget\fR" 4
.IX Item "i2cget"
i2cget [\-fy] \s-1BUS\s0 CHIP-ADDRESS [\s-1DATA\-ADDRESS\s0 [\s-1MODE\s0]]
.Sp
Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        I2CBUS  I2C bus number
\&        ADDRESS 0x03\-0x77
\&MODE is:
\&
\&        b       Read byte data (default)
\&        w       Read word data
\&        c       Write byte/read byte
\&        Append p for SMBus PEC
\&
\&        \-f      Force access
\&        \-y      Disable interactive mode
.Ve
.IP "\fBi2cset\fR" 4
.IX Item "i2cset"
i2cset [\-fy] [\-m \s-1MASK\s0] \s-1BUS\s0 CHIP-ADDRESS DATA-ADDRESS [\s-1VALUE\s0] ... [\s-1MODE\s0]
.Sp
Set I2C registers
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        I2CBUS  I2C bus number
\&        ADDRESS 0x03\-0x77
\&MODE is:
\&
\&        c       Byte, no value
\&        b       Byte data (default)
\&        w       Word data
\&        i       I2C block data
\&        s       SMBus block data
\&        Append p for SMBus PEC
\&
\&        \-f      Force access
\&        \-y      Disable interactive mode
\&        \-r      Read back and compare the result
\&        \-m MASK Mask specifying which bits to write
.Ve
.IP "\fBi2ctransfer\fR" 4
.IX Item "i2ctransfer"
i2ctransfer [\-fay] I2CBUS { rLENGTH[@ADDR] | wLENGTH[@ADDR] \s-1DATA...\s0}...
.Sp
Read/write I2C data in one transfer
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-f      Force access to busy addresses
\&        \-a      Force access to non\-regular addresses
\&        \-y      Disable interactive mode
.Ve
.IP "\fBid\fR" 4
.IX Item "id"
id [\-ugGnr] [\s-1USER\s0]
.Sp
Print information about \s-1USER\s0 or the current user
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-u      User ID
\&        \-g      Group ID
\&        \-G      Supplementary group IDs
\&        \-n      Print names instead of numbers
\&        \-r      Print real ID instead of effective ID
.Ve
.IP "\fBifconfig\fR" 4
.IX Item "ifconfig"
ifconfig [\-a] [\s-1IFACE\s0] [\s-1ADDRESS\s0]
.Sp
Configure a network interface
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
\&        [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
\&        [[\-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[\-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
\&        [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
\&        [outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
\&        [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
\&        [[\-]trailers] [[\-]arp] [[\-]allmulti]
\&        [multicast] [[\-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[\-]dynamic]
\&        [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
\&        [up|down] ...
.Ve
.IP "\fBifdown\fR" 4
.IX Item "ifdown"
ifdown [\-nvf] [\-i \s-1FILE\s0] \-a | \s-1IFACE...\s0
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-a      Deconfigure all interfaces
\&        \-i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
\&        \-n      Dry run
\&        \-v      Print out what would happen before doing it
\&        \-f      Force
.Ve
.IP "\fBifup\fR" 4
.IX Item "ifup"
ifup [\-nvf] [\-i \s-1FILE\s0] \-a | \s-1IFACE...\s0
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-a      Configure all interfaces
\&        \-i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
\&        \-n      Dry run
\&        \-v      Print out what would happen before doing it
\&        \-f      Force
.Ve
.IP "\fBinit\fR" 4
.IX Item "init"
init
.Sp
Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits.
It (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab.
Signals:
.Sp
\&\s-1HUP:\s0 reload /etc/inittab
\&\s-1TSTP:\s0 stop respawning until \s-1CONT
QUIT:\s0 re-exec another init
\&\s-1USR1/TERM/USR2/INT:\s0 run halt/reboot/poweroff/Ctrl\-Alt\-Del script
.IP "\fBinsmod\fR" 4
.IX Item "insmod"
insmod \s-1FILE\s0 [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
.Sp
Load kernel module
.IP "\fBionice\fR" 4
.IX Item "ionice"
ionice [\-c 1\-3] [\-n 0\-7] [\-t] { \-p \s-1PID\s0 | \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 }
.Sp
Change I/O priority and class
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c N    Class. 1:realtime 2:best\-effort 3:idle
\&        \-n N    Priority
\&        \-t      Ignore errors
.Ve
.IP "\fBip\fR" 4
.IX Item "ip"
ip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] address|route|link|tunnel|neigh|rule [\s-1ARGS\s0]
.Sp
\&\s-1OPTIONS\s0 := \-f[amily] inet|inet6|link | \-o[neline]
.Sp
ip addr add|del \s-1IFADDR\s0 dev \s-1IFACE\s0 | show|flush [dev \s-1IFACE\s0] [to \s-1PREFIX\s0]
ip route list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test \s-1ROUTE\s0
ip link set \s-1IFACE\s0 [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off]
	[promisc on|off] [mtu \s-1NUM\s0] [name \s-1NAME\s0] [qlen \s-1NUM\s0] [address \s-1MAC\s0]
	[master \s-1IFACE\s0 | nomaster] [netns \s-1PID\s0]
ip tunnel add|change|del|show [\s-1NAME\s0]
	[mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote \s-1ADDR\s0] [local \s-1ADDR\s0] [ttl \s-1TTL\s0]
ip neigh show|flush [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] [dev \s-1DEV\s0] [nud \s-1STATE\s0]
ip rule [list] | add|del \s-1SELECTOR ACTION\s0
.IP "\fBipcalc\fR" 4
.IX Item "ipcalc"
ipcalc [\-bnmphs] ADDRESS[/PREFIX] [\s-1NETMASK\s0]
.Sp
Calculate and display network settings from \s-1IP\s0 address
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-b      Broadcast address
\&        \-n      Network address
\&        \-m      Default netmask for IP
\&        \-p      Prefix for IP/NETMASK
\&        \-h      Resolved host name
\&        \-s      No error messages
.Ve
.IP "\fBipneigh\fR" 4
.IX Item "ipneigh"
ipneigh show|flush [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] [dev \s-1DEV\s0] [nud \s-1STATE\s0]
.IP "\fBkill\fR" 4
.IX Item "kill"
kill [\-l] [\-SIG] \s-1PID...\s0
.Sp
Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given PIDs
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-l      List all signal names and numbers
.Ve
.IP "\fBkillall\fR" 4
.IX Item "killall"
killall [\-lq] [\-SIG] \s-1PROCESS_NAME...\s0
.Sp
Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given processes
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-l      List all signal names and numbers
\&        \-q      Don\*(Aqt complain if no processes were killed
.Ve
.IP "\fBklogd\fR" 4
.IX Item "klogd"
klogd [\-c N] [\-n]
.Sp
Log kernel messages to syslog
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-c N    Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1\-8)
\&        \-n      Run in foreground
.Ve
.IP "\fBlast\fR" 4
.IX Item "last"
last
.Sp
Show listing of the last users that logged into the system
.IP "\fBless\fR" 4
.IX Item "less"
less [\-EFIMmNSRh~] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
View \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin) one screenful at a time
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-E      Quit once the end of a file is reached
\&        \-F      Quit if entire file fits on first screen
\&        \-I      Ignore case in all searches
\&        \-M,\-m   Display status line with line numbers
\&                and percentage through the file
\&        \-N      Prefix line number to each line
\&        \-S      Truncate long lines
\&        \-R      Remove color escape codes in input
\&        \-~      Suppress ~s displayed past EOF
.Ve
.IP "\fBlink\fR" 4
.IX Item "link"
link \s-1FILE LINK\s0
.Sp
Create hard \s-1LINK\s0 to \s-1FILE\s0
.IP "\fBln\fR" 4
.IX Item "ln"
ln [\-sfnbtv] [\-S \s-1SUF\s0] \s-1TARGET...\s0 LINK|DIR
.Sp
Create a link \s-1LINK\s0 or \s-1DIR/TARGET\s0 to the specified \s-1TARGET\s0(s)
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-s      Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
\&        \-f      Remove existing destinations
\&        \-n      Don\*(Aqt dereference symlinks \- treat like normal file
\&        \-b      Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
\&        \-S SUF  Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files
\&        \-T      Treat LINK as a file, not DIR
\&        \-v      Verbose
.Ve
.IP "\fBloadfont\fR" 4
.IX Item "loadfont"
loadfont < font
.Sp
Load a console font from stdin
.IP "\fBloadkmap\fR" 4
.IX Item "loadkmap"
loadkmap < keymap
.Sp
Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin
.IP "\fBlogger\fR" 4
.IX Item "logger"
logger [\-s] [\-t \s-1TAG\s0] [\-p \s-1PRIO\s0] [\s-1MESSAGE\s0]
.Sp
Write \s-1MESSAGE\s0 (or stdin) to syslog
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
\&        \-t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
\&        \-p PRIO Priority (number or FACILITY.LEVEL pair)
.Ve
.IP "\fBlogin\fR" 4
.IX Item "login"
login [\-p] [\-h \s-1HOST\s0] [[\-f] \s-1USER\s0]
.Sp
Begin a new session on the system
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-f      Don\*(Aqt authenticate (user already authenticated)
\&        \-h HOST Host user came from (for network logins)
\&        \-p      Preserve environment
.Ve
.Sp
\&\f(CW$LOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR		Seconds (default 60, 0 \- disable)
.IP "\fBlogname\fR" 4
.IX Item "logname"
logname
.Sp
Print the name of the current user
.IP "\fBlogread\fR" 4
.IX Item "logread"
logread [\-fF]
.Sp
Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-f      Output data as log grows
\&        \-F      Same as \-f, but dump buffer first
.Ve
.IP "\fBlosetup\fR" 4
.IX Item "losetup"
losetup [\-rP] [\-o \s-1OFS\s0] {\-f|LOOPDEV} \s-1FILE:\s0 associate loop devices
	losetup \-c \s-1LOOPDEV:\s0 reread file size
	losetup \-d \s-1LOOPDEV:\s0 disassociate
	losetup \-a: show status
	losetup \-f: show next free loop device
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-o OFS  Start OFS bytes into FILE
\&        \-P      Scan for partitions
\&        \-r      Read\-only
\&        \-f      Show/use next free loop device
.Ve
.IP "\fBls\fR" 4
.IX Item "ls"
ls [\-1AaCxdLHRFplinshrSXvctu] [\-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
List directory contents
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-1      One column output
\&        \-a      Include names starting with .
\&        \-A      Like \-a, but exclude . and ..
\&        \-x      List by lines
\&        \-d      List directory names, not contents
\&        \-L      Follow symlinks
\&        \-H      Follow symlinks on command line
\&        \-R      Recurse
\&        \-p      Append / to directory names
\&        \-F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to names
\&        \-l      Long format
\&        \-i      List inode numbers
\&        \-n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
\&        \-s      List allocated blocks
\&        \-lc     List ctime
\&        \-lu     List atime
\&        \-\-full\-time     List full date/time
\&        \-h      Human readable sizes (1K 243M 2G)
\&        \-\-group\-directories\-first
\&        \-S      Sort by size
\&        \-X      Sort by extension
\&        \-v      Sort by version
\&        \-t      Sort by mtime
\&        \-tc     Sort by ctime
\&        \-tu     Sort by atime
\&        \-r      Reverse sort order
\&        \-w N    Format N columns wide
\&        \-\-color[={always,never,auto}]
.Ve
.IP "\fBlsmod\fR" 4
.IX Item "lsmod"
lsmod
.Sp
List loaded kernel modules
.IP "\fBlzcat\fR" 4
.IX Item "lzcat"
lzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress to stdout
.IP "\fBlzma\fR" 4
.IX Item "lzma"
lzma \-d [\-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-d      Decompress
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBlzop\fR" 4
.IX Item "lzop"
lzop [\-cfUvd123456789CF] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-1..9   Compression level
\&        \-d      Decompress
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-U      Delete input files
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-F      Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum
\&        \-C      Also write checksum of compressed block
.Ve
.IP "\fBmd5sum\fR" 4
.IX Item "md5sum"
md5sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print or check \s-1MD5\s0 checksums
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c      Check sums against list in FILEs
\&        \-s      Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success
\&        \-w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
.Ve
.IP "\fBmdev\fR" 4
.IX Item "mdev"
mdev [\-vS] { [\-s] | [\-df] }
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-S      Log to syslog too
\&        \-s      Scan /sys and populate /dev
\&        \-d      Daemon, listen on netlink
\&        \-f      Run in foreground
.Ve
.Sp
Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it:
	echo /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
.Sp
It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines
	[\-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME \s-1UID:GID PERM\s0 [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG]
where \s-1DEVNAME\s0 is device name regex, \f(CW@major\fR,minor[\-minor2], or
environment variable regex. A common use of the latter is
to load modules for hotplugged devices:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS"
.Ve
.Sp
If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value
to match \f(CW$SEQNUM\fR variable. This prevents plug/unplug races.
To activate this feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot.
.Sp
If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it.
.IP "\fBmicrocom\fR" 4
.IX Item "microcom"
microcom [\-d \s-1DELAY_MS\s0] [\-t \s-1TIMEOUT_MS\s0 ] [\-s \s-1SPEED\s0] [\-X] \s-1TTY\s0
.Sp
Copy bytes from stdin to \s-1TTY\s0 and from \s-1TTY\s0 to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-d DELAY        Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending
\&                        every next byte to it
\&        \-t TIMEOUT      Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
\&        \-s SPEED        Set serial line to SPEED
\&        \-X              Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl\-X from stdin
.Ve
.IP "\fBmim\fR" 4
.IX Item "mim"
mim [\-f \s-1FILE\s0] [\s-1SHELL_OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1TARGET\s0] ...
.Sp
Run a script from a Makefile-like specification file
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-f FILE         Spec file (default Mimfile)
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkdir\fR" 4
.IX Item "mkdir"
mkdir [\-m \s-1MODE\s0] [\-p] \s-1DIRECTORY...\s0
.Sp
Create \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-m MODE Mode
\&        \-p      No error if exists; make parent directories as needed
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkdosfs\fR" 4
.IX Item "mkdosfs"
mkdosfs [\-v] [\-n \s-1LABEL\s0] \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1KBYTES\s0]
.Sp
Make a \s-1FAT32\s0 filesystem
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-n LBL  Volume label
.Ve
.IP "\fBmke2fs\fR" 4
.IX Item "mke2fs"
mke2fs [\-Fn] [\-b \s-1BLK_SIZE\s0] [\-i \s-1INODE_RATIO\s0] [\-I \s-1INODE_SIZE\s0] [\-m \s-1RESERVED_PERCENT\s0] [\-L \s-1LABEL\s0] \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1KBYTES\s0]
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
\&        \-F              Force
\&        \-i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
\&        \-I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
\&        \-L LBL          Volume label
\&        \-m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
\&        \-n              Dry run
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkfifo\fR" 4
.IX Item "mkfifo"
mkfifo [\-m \s-1MODE\s0] \s-1NAME\s0
.Sp
Create named pipe
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-m MODE Mode (default a=rw)
.Ve
.IP "\fBmknod\fR" 4
.IX Item "mknod"
mknod [\-m \s-1MODE\s0] \s-1NAME TYPE\s0 [\s-1MAJOR MINOR\s0]
.Sp
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw)
\&TYPE:
\&        b       Block device
\&        c or u  Character device
\&        p       Named pipe (MAJOR MINOR must be omitted)
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkpasswd\fR" 4
.IX Item "mkpasswd"
mkpasswd [\-P \s-1FD\s0] [\-m \s-1TYPE\s0] [\-S \s-1SALT\s0] [\s-1PASSWORD\s0] [\s-1SALT\s0]
.Sp
Print \fBcrypt\fR\|(3) hashed \s-1PASSWORD\s0
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-P N    Read password from fd N
\&        \-m TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default )
\&        \-S SALT
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkswap\fR" 4
.IX Item "mkswap"
mkswap [\-L \s-1LBL\s0] \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1KBYTES\s0]
.Sp
Prepare \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 to be used as swap partition
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-L LBL  Label
.Ve
.IP "\fBmktemp\fR" 4
.IX Item "mktemp"
mktemp [\-dt] [\-p \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1TEMPLATE\s0]
.Sp
Create a temporary file with name based on \s-1TEMPLATE\s0 and print its name.
\&\s-1TEMPLATE\s0 must end with \s-1XXXXXX\s0 (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).
Without \s-1TEMPLATE,\s0 \-t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed.
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-d      Make directory, not file
\&        \-q      Fail silently on errors
\&        \-t      Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE
\&        \-p DIR  Use DIR as a base directory (implies \-t)
\&        \-u      Do not create anything; print a name
.Ve
.Sp
Base directory is: \-p \s-1DIR,\s0 else \f(CW$TMPDIR\fR, else /tmp
.IP "\fBmodinfo\fR" 4
.IX Item "modinfo"
modinfo [\-adlpn0] [\-F keyword] \s-1MODULE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-a              Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F author\*(Aq
\&        \-d              Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F description\*(Aq
\&        \-l              Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F license\*(Aq
\&        \-p              Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F parm\*(Aq
\&        \-F keyword      Keyword to look for
\&        \-0              NUL terminated output
.Ve
.IP "\fBmodprobe\fR" 4
.IX Item "modprobe"
modprobe [\-alrqvsDb] \s-1MODULE\s0 [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-a      Load multiple MODULEs
\&        \-l      List (MODULE is a pattern)
\&        \-r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-s      Log to syslog
\&        \-D      Show dependencies
\&        \-b      Apply blacklist to module names too
.Ve
.IP "\fBmore\fR" 4
.IX Item "more"
more [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
View \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin) one screenful at a time
.IP "\fBmount\fR" 4
.IX Item "mount"
mount [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-o \s-1OPT\s0] \s-1DEVICE NODE\s0
.Sp
Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-a              Mount all filesystems in fstab
\&        \-f              Dry run
\&        \-i              Don\*(Aqt run mount helper
\&        \-r              Read\-only mount
\&        \-t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
\&        \-T FILE         Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab
\&        \-O OPT          Mount only filesystems with option OPT (\-a only)
\&\-o OPT:
\&        loop            Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
\&        [a]sync         Writes are [a]synchronous
\&        [no]atime       Disable/enable updates to inode access times
\&        [no]diratime    Disable/enable atime updates to directories
\&        [no]relatime    Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
\&        [no]dev         (Dis)allow use of special device files
\&        [no]exec        (Dis)allow use of executable files
\&        [no]suid        (Dis)allow set\-user\-id\-root programs
\&        [r]shared       Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
\&        [r]slave        Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
\&        [r]private      Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
\&        [un]bindable    Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
\&        [r]bind         Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
\&        move            Relocate an existing mount point
\&        remount         Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
\&        ro              Same as \-r
.Ve
.Sp
There are filesystem-specific \-o flags.
.IP "\fBmt\fR" 4
.IX Item "mt"
mt [\-f \s-1DEVICE\s0] \s-1OPCODE VALUE\s0
.Sp
Control magnetic tape drive operation
.Sp
Opcodes:
.Sp
bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase
fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2
ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity
setpart tell unload unlock weof wset
.IP "\fBmv\fR" 4
.IX Item "mv"
mv [\-finT] \s-1SOURCE DEST\s0
or: mv [\-fin] \s-1SOURCE...\s0 { \-t \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 | \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 }
.Sp
Rename \s-1SOURCE\s0 to \s-1DEST,\s0 or move SOURCEs to \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-f      Don\*(Aqt prompt before overwriting
\&        \-i      Interactive, prompt before overwrite
\&        \-n      Don\*(Aqt overwrite an existing file
\&        \-T      Refuse to move if DEST is a directory
\&        \-t DIR  Move all SOURCEs into DIR
.Ve
.IP "\fBnameif\fR" 4
.IX Item "nameif"
nameif [\-s] [\-c \s-1FILE\s0] [\s-1IFNAME HWADDR\s0]...
.Sp
Rename network interface while it in the down state.
The device with address \s-1HWADDR\s0 is renamed to \s-1IFNAME.\s0
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
\&        \-s      Log to syslog
.Ve
.IP "\fBnc\fR" 4
.IX Item "nc"
nc [\-iN] [\-wN] [\-l] [\-p \s-1PORT\s0] [\-f FILE|IPADDR \s-1PORT\s0] [\-e \s-1PROG\s0]
.Sp
Open a pipe to \s-1IP:PORT\s0 or \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-l      Listen mode, for inbound connects
\&                (use \-ll with \-e for persistent server)
\&        \-p PORT Local port
\&        \-w SEC  Connect timeout
\&        \-i SEC  Delay interval for lines sent
\&        \-f FILE Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network
\&        \-e PROG Run PROG after connect
.Ve
.IP "\fBnetstat\fR" 4
.IX Item "netstat"
netstat [\-ral] [\-tuwx] [\-en]
.Sp
Display networking information
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-r      Routing table
\&        \-a      All sockets
\&        \-l      Listening sockets
\&                Else: connected sockets
\&        \-t      TCP sockets
\&        \-u      UDP sockets
\&        \-w      Raw sockets
\&        \-x      Unix sockets
\&                Else: all socket types
\&        \-e      Other/more information
\&        \-n      Don\*(Aqt resolve names
.Ve
.IP "\fBnl\fR" 4
.IX Item "nl"
nl [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Write FILEs to standard output with line numbers added
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-b STYLE        Which lines to number \- a: all, t: nonempty, n: none
\&        \-i N            Line number increment
\&        \-s STRING       Use STRING as line number separator
\&        \-v N            Start from N
\&        \-w N            Width of line numbers
.Ve
.IP "\fBnologin\fR" 4
.IX Item "nologin"
nologin
.Sp
Politely refuse a login
.IP "\fBnproc\fR" 4
.IX Item "nproc"
nproc [\-\-all] [\-\-ignore=N]
.Sp
Print number of available CPUs
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-\-all           Number of installed CPUs
\&        \-\-ignore=N      Exclude N CPUs
.Ve
.IP "\fBnsenter\fR" 4
.IX Item "nsenter"
nsenter [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-t PID          Target process to get namespaces from
\&        \-m[FILE]        Enter mount namespace
\&        \-u[FILE]        Enter UTS namespace (hostname etc)
\&        \-i[FILE]        Enter System V IPC namespace
\&        \-n[FILE]        Enter network namespace
\&        \-p[FILE]        Enter pid namespace
\&        \-U[FILE]        Enter user namespace
\&        \-S UID          Set uid in entered namespace
\&        \-G GID          Set gid in entered namespace
\&        \-\-preserve\-credentials  Don\*(Aqt touch uids or gids
\&        \-r[DIR]         Set root directory
\&        \-w[DIR]         Set working directory
\&        \-F              Don\*(Aqt fork before exec\*(Aqing PROG
.Ve
.IP "\fBnslookup\fR" 4
.IX Item "nslookup"
nslookup [\-type=QUERY_TYPE] [\-debug] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1DNS_SERVER\s0]
.Sp
Query \s-1DNS\s0 about \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
\&\s-1QUERY_TYPE:\s0 soa,ns,a,aaaa,cname,mx,txt,ptr,srv,any
.IP "\fBnuke\fR" 4
.IX Item "nuke"
nuke \s-1DIR...\s0
.Sp
Remove DIRs
.IP "\fBod\fR" 4
.IX Item "od"
od [\-abcdfhilovxs] [\-t \s-1TYPE\s0] [\-A \s-1RADIX\s0] [\-N \s-1SIZE\s0] [\-j \s-1SKIP\s0] [\-S \s-1MINSTR\s0] [\-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default
.IP "\fBopenvt\fR" 4
.IX Item "openvt"
openvt [\-c N] [\-sw] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Start \s-1PROG\s0 on a new virtual terminal
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c N    Use specified VT
\&        \-s      Switch to the VT
\&        \-w      Wait for PROG to exit
.Ve
.IP "\fBpartprobe\fR" 4
.IX Item "partprobe"
partprobe \s-1DEVICE...\s0
.Sp
Ask kernel to rescan partition table
.IP "\fBpaste\fR" 4
.IX Item "paste"
paste [\-d \s-1LIST\s0] [\-s] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Paste lines from each input file, separated with tab
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-d LIST Use delimiters from LIST, not tab
\&        \-s      Serial: one file at a time
.Ve
.IP "\fBpatch\fR" 4
.IX Item "patch"
patch [\-RNE] [\-p N] [\-i \s-1DIFF\s0] [\s-1ORIGFILE\s0 [\s-1PATCHFILE\s0]]
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-p N    Strip N leading components from file names
\&        \-i DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
\&        \-R      Reverse patch
\&        \-N      Ignore already applied patches
\&        \-E      Remove output files if they become empty
\&        \-\-dry\-run       Don\*(Aqt actually change files
.Ve
.IP "\fBpidof\fR" 4
.IX Item "pidof"
pidof [\s-1NAME\s0]...
.Sp
List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs
.IP "\fBping\fR" 4
.IX Item "ping"
ping [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
Send \s-1ICMP\s0 ECHO_REQUESTs to \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-4,\-6           Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
\&        \-c CNT          Send only CNT pings
\&        \-s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
\&        \-i SECS         Interval
\&        \-A              Ping as soon as reply is received
\&        \-t TTL          Set TTL
\&        \-I IFACE/IP     Source interface or IP address
\&        \-W SEC          Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10)
\&                        (after all \-c CNT packets are sent)
\&        \-w SEC          Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
\&                        (can exit earlier with \-c CNT)
\&        \-q              Quiet, only display output at start/finish
\&        \-p HEXBYTE      Payload pattern
.Ve
.IP "\fBping6\fR" 4
.IX Item "ping6"
ping6 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
Send \s-1ICMP\s0 ECHO_REQUESTs to \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-c CNT          Send only CNT pings
\&        \-s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
\&        \-i SECS         Interval
\&        \-A              Ping as soon as reply is received
\&        \-I IFACE/IP     Source interface or IP address
\&        \-W SEC          Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10)
\&                        (after all \-c CNT packets are sent)
\&        \-w SEC          Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
\&                        (can exit earlier with \-c CNT)
\&        \-q              Quiet, only display output at start/finish
\&        \-p HEXBYTE      Payload pattern
.Ve
.IP "\fBpivot_root\fR" 4
.IX Item "pivot_root"
pivot_root \s-1NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD\s0
.Sp
Move the current root file system to \s-1PUT_OLD\s0 and make \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0
the new root file system
.IP "\fBpoweroff\fR" 4
.IX Item "poweroff"
poweroff [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-nf]
.Sp
Halt and shut off power
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-d SEC  Delay interval
\&        \-n      Do not sync
\&        \-f      Force (don\*(Aqt go through init)
.Ve
.IP "\fBprintf\fR" 4
.IX Item "printf"
printf \s-1FORMAT\s0 [\s-1ARG\s0]...
.Sp
Format and print \s-1ARG\s0(s) according to \s-1FORMAT\s0 (a\-la C printf)
.IP "\fBps\fR" 4
.IX Item "ps"
ps [\-o \s-1COL1\s0,COL2=HEADER] [\-T]
.Sp
Show list of processes
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-o COL1,COL2=HEADER     Select columns for display
\&        \-T                      Show threads
.Ve
.IP "\fBpwd\fR" 4
.IX Item "pwd"
pwd
.Sp
Print the full filename of the current working directory
.IP "\fBrdate\fR" 4
.IX Item "rdate"
rdate [\-s/\-p] \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
Set and print time from \s-1HOST\s0 using \s-1RFC 868\s0
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-s      Only set system time
\&        \-p      Only print time
.Ve
.IP "\fBreadlink\fR" 4
.IX Item "readlink"
readlink [\-fnv] \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Display the value of a symlink
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-f      Canonicalize by following all symlinks
\&        \-n      Don\*(Aqt add newline
\&        \-v      Verbose
.Ve
.IP "\fBrealpath\fR" 4
.IX Item "realpath"
realpath \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Print absolute pathnames of FILEs
.IP "\fBreboot\fR" 4
.IX Item "reboot"
reboot [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-nf]
.Sp
Reboot the system
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-d SEC  Delay interval
\&        \-n      Do not sync
\&        \-f      Force (don\*(Aqt go through init)
.Ve
.IP "\fBrenice\fR" 4
.IX Item "renice"
renice [\-n] \s-1PRIORITY\s0 [[\-p|g|u] \s-1ID...\s0]...
.Sp
Change scheduling priority of a running process
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-n      Add PRIORITY to current nice value
\&                Without \-n, nice value is set to PRIORITY
\&        \-p      Process ids (default)
\&        \-g      Process group ids
\&        \-u      Process user names
.Ve
.IP "\fBreset\fR" 4
.IX Item "reset"
reset
.Sp
Reset the screen
.IP "\fBresume\fR" 4
.IX Item "resume"
resume \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1OFFSET\s0]
.Sp
Restore system state from 'suspend\-to\-disk' data in \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0
.IP "\fBrev\fR" 4
.IX Item "rev"
rev [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Reverse lines of \s-1FILE\s0
.IP "\fBrm\fR" 4
.IX Item "rm"
rm [\-irf] \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Remove (unlink) FILEs
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-i      Always prompt before removing
\&        \-f      Never prompt
\&        \-R,\-r   Recurse
.Ve
.IP "\fBrmdir\fR" 4
.IX Item "rmdir"
rmdir [\-p] \s-1DIRECTORY...\s0
.Sp
Remove \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 if it is empty
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-p      Include parents
\&        \-\-ignore\-fail\-on\-non\-empty
.Ve
.IP "\fBrmmod\fR" 4
.IX Item "rmmod"
rmmod [\-wfa] [\s-1MODULE\s0]...
.Sp
Unload kernel modules
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-w      Wait until the module is no longer used
\&        \-f      Force unload
\&        \-a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)
.Ve
.IP "\fBroute\fR" 4
.IX Item "route"
route [\-ne] [\-A inet[6]] [{add|del} [\-net|\-host] \s-1TARGET\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0]
	[gw \s-1GATEWAY\s0] [metric N] [mss \s-1BYTES\s0] [window \s-1BYTES\s0] [reject] [\s-1IFACE\s0]]
.Sp
Show or edit kernel routing tables
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-n      Don\*(Aqt resolve names
\&        \-e      Display other/more information
\&        \-A inet[6]      Select address family
.Ve
.IP "\fBrpm\fR" 4
.IX Item "rpm"
rpm \-i \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm; rpm \-qp[ildc] \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm
.Sp
Manipulate \s-1RPM\s0 packages
.Sp
Commands:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-i      Install package
\&        \-qp     Query package
\&        \-qpi    Show information
\&        \-qpl    List contents
\&        \-qpd    List documents
\&        \-qpc    List config files
.Ve
.IP "\fBrpm2cpio\fR" 4
.IX Item "rpm2cpio"
rpm2cpio \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm
.Sp
Output a cpio archive of the rpm file
.IP "\fBrun-init\fR" 4
.IX Item "run-init"
run-init [\-d \s-1CAP,CAP...\s0] [\-n] [\-c \s-1CONSOLE_DEV\s0] \s-1NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
.Sp
chroot to \s-1NEW_ROOT,\s0 delete all in /, move \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 to /,
execute \s-1NEW_INIT. PID\s0 must be 1. \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 must be a mountpoint.
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
\&        \-d CAPS Drop capabilities
\&        \-n      Dry run
.Ve
.IP "\fBrun-parts\fR" 4
.IX Item "run-parts"
run-parts [\-a \s-1ARG\s0]... [\-u \s-1UMASK\s0] [\-\-reverse] [\-\-test] [\-\-exit\-on\-error] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
Run a bunch of scripts in \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-a ARG          Pass ARG as argument to scripts
\&        \-u UMASK        Set UMASK before running scripts
\&        \-\-reverse       Reverse execution order
\&        \-\-test          Dry run
\&        \-\-exit\-on\-error Exit if a script exits with non\-zero
.Ve
.IP "\fBsed\fR" 4
.IX Item "sed"
sed [\-i[\s-1SFX\s0]] [\-nrE] [\-f \s-1FILE\s0]... [\-e \s-1CMD\s0]... [\s-1FILE\s0]...
or: sed [\-i[\s-1SFX\s0]] [\-nrE] \s-1CMD\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-e CMD  Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
\&        \-f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
\&        \-i[SFX] Edit files in\-place (otherwise write to stdout)
\&                Optionally back files up, appending SFX
\&        \-n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
\&        \-r,\-E   Use extended regex syntax
.Ve
.Sp
If no \-e or \-f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string.
Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).
.IP "\fBseq\fR" 4
.IX Item "seq"
seq [\-w] [\-s \s-1SEP\s0] [\s-1FIRST\s0 [\s-1INC\s0]] \s-1LAST\s0
.Sp
Print numbers from \s-1FIRST\s0 to \s-1LAST,\s0 in steps of \s-1INC.
FIRST, INC\s0 default to 1.
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-w      Pad to last with leading zeros
\&        \-s SEP  String separator
.Ve
.IP "\fBsetkeycodes\fR" 4
.IX Item "setkeycodes"
setkeycodes { \s-1SCANCODE KEYCODE\s0 }...
.Sp
Modify kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
.Sp
\&\s-1SCANCODE\s0 is either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), \s-1KEYCODE\s0 is decimal.
.IP "\fBsetpriv\fR" 4
.IX Item "setpriv"
setpriv [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0
.Sp
Run \s-1PROG\s0 with different privilege settings
.Sp
\&\-d,\-\-dump		Show current capabilities
\&\-\-nnp,\-\-no\-new\-privs	Ignore setuid/setgid bits and file capabilities
\&\-\-inh\-caps \s-1CAP,CAP\s0	Set inheritable capabilities
\&\-\-ambient\-caps \s-1CAP,CAP\s0	Set ambient capabilities
.IP "\fBsetsid\fR" 4
.IX Item "setsid"
setsid [\-c] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0
.Sp
Run \s-1PROG\s0 in a new session. \s-1PROG\s0 will have no controlling terminal
and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc).
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-c      Set controlling terminal to stdin
.Ve
.IP "\fBsh\fR" 4
.IX Item "sh"
sh [\-il] [\-|+Cabefmnuvx] [\-|+o \s-1OPT\s0]... [\-c '\s-1SCRIPT\s0' [\s-1ARG0 ARGS\s0] | \s-1FILE ARGS\s0 | \-s \s-1ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Unix shell interpreter
.IP "\fBsha1sum\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha1sum"
sha1sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print or check \s-1SHA1\s0 checksums
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c      Check sums against list in FILEs
\&        \-s      Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success
\&        \-w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
.Ve
.IP "\fBsha256sum\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha256sum"
sha256sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print or check \s-1SHA256\s0 checksums
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c      Check sums against list in FILEs
\&        \-s      Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success
\&        \-w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
.Ve
.IP "\fBsha3sum\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha3sum"
sha3sum [\-c[sw]] [\-a \s-1BITS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print or check \s-1SHA3\s0 checksums
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c      Check sums against list in FILEs
\&        \-s      Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success
\&        \-w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
\&        \-a BITS 224 (default), 256, 384, 512
.Ve
.IP "\fBsha512sum\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha512sum"
sha512sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print or check \s-1SHA512\s0 checksums
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c      Check sums against list in FILEs
\&        \-s      Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success
\&        \-w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
.Ve
.IP "\fBshred\fR" 4
.IX Item "shred"
shred [\-fuz] [\-n N] [\-s \s-1SIZE\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Overwrite/delete FILEs
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-f      Chmod to ensure writability
\&        \-s SIZE Size to write
\&        \-n N    Overwrite N times (default 3)
\&        \-z      Final overwrite with zeros
\&        \-u      Remove file
.Ve
.IP "\fBshuf\fR" 4
.IX Item "shuf"
shuf [\-n \s-1NUM\s0] [\-o \s-1FILE\s0] [\-z] [\s-1FILE\s0 | \-e [\s-1ARG...\s0] | \-i L\-H]
.Sp
Randomly permute lines
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-n NUM  Output at most NUM lines
\&        \-o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output
\&        \-z      NUL terminated output
\&        \-e      Treat ARGs as lines
\&        \-i L\-H  Treat numbers L\-H as lines
.Ve
.IP "\fBsleep\fR" 4
.IX Item "sleep"
sleep [N]...
.Sp
Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays
.IP "\fBsort\fR" 4
.IX Item "sort"
sort [\-nrugMcszbdfiokt] [\-o \s-1FILE\s0] [\-k START[.OFS][\s-1OPTS\s0][,END[.OFS][\s-1OPTS\s0]] [\-t \s-1CHAR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Sort lines of text
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-o FILE Output to FILE
\&        \-c      Check whether input is sorted
\&        \-b      Ignore leading blanks
\&        \-f      Ignore case
\&        \-i      Ignore unprintable characters
\&        \-d      Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
\&        \-n      Sort numbers
\&        \-g      General numerical sort
\&        \-M      Sort month
\&        \-V      Sort version
\&        \-t CHAR Field separator
\&        \-k N[,M] Sort by Nth field
\&        \-r      Reverse sort order
\&        \-s      Stable (don\*(Aqt sort ties alphabetically)
\&        \-u      Suppress duplicate lines
\&        \-z      NUL terminated input and output
.Ve
.IP "\fBssl_client\fR" 4
.IX Item "ssl_client"
ssl_client [\-e] \-s \s-1FD\s0 [\-r \s-1FD\s0] [\-n \s-1SNI\s0]
.IP "\fBstart-stop-daemon\fR" 4
.IX Item "start-stop-daemon"
start-stop-daemon [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-S|\-K] ... [\-\- \s-1ARGS...\s0]
.Sp
Search for matching processes, and then
\&\-K: stop all matching processes
\&\-S: start a process unless a matching process is found
.Sp
Process matching:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-u USERNAME|UID Match only this user\*(Aqs processes
\&        \-n NAME         Match processes with NAME
\&                        in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
\&        \-x EXECUTABLE   Match processes with this command
\&                        in /proc/PID/cmdline
\&        \-p FILE         Match a process with PID from FILE
\&        All specified conditions must match
\&\-S only:
\&        \-x EXECUTABLE   Program to run
\&        \-a NAME         Zeroth argument
\&        \-b              Background
\&        \-N N            Change nice level
\&        \-c USER[:[GRP]] Change user/group
\&        \-m              Write PID to pidfile specified by \-p
\&\-K only:
\&        \-s SIG          Signal to send
\&        \-t              Match only, exit with 0 if found
\&Other:
\&
\&        \-o              Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
\&        \-v              Verbose
\&        \-q              Quiet
.Ve
.IP "\fBstat\fR" 4
.IX Item "stat"
stat [\-ltf] [\-c \s-1FMT\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Display file (default) or filesystem status
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c FMT  Use the specified format
\&        \-f      Display filesystem status
\&        \-L      Follow links
\&        \-t      Terse display
.Ve
.Sp
\&\s-1FMT\s0 sequences for files:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\& %a     Access rights in octal
\& %A     Access rights in human readable form
\& %b     Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
\& %B     Size in bytes of each block reported by %b
\& %d     Device number in decimal
\& %D     Device number in hex
\& %f     Raw mode in hex
\& %F     File type
\& %g     Group ID
\& %G     Group name
\& %h     Number of hard links
\& %i     Inode number
\& %n     File name
\& %N     File name, with \-> TARGET if symlink
\& %o     I/O block size
\& %s     Total size in bytes
\& %t     Major device type in hex
\& %T     Minor device type in hex
\& %u     User ID
\& %U     User name
\& %x     Time of last access
\& %X     Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
\& %y     Time of last modification
\& %Y     Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
\& %z     Time of last change
\& %Z     Time of last change as seconds since Epoch
.Ve
.Sp
\&\s-1FMT\s0 sequences for file systems:
.Sp
.Vb 12
\& %a     Free blocks available to non\-superuser
\& %b     Total data blocks
\& %c     Total file nodes
\& %d     Free file nodes
\& %f     Free blocks
\& %i     File System ID in hex
\& %l     Maximum length of filenames
\& %n     File name
\& %s     Block size (for faster transfer)
\& %S     Fundamental block size (for block counts)
\& %t     Type in hex
\& %T     Type in human readable form
.Ve
.IP "\fBstrings\fR" 4
.IX Item "strings"
strings [\-fo] [\-t o|d|x] [\-n \s-1LEN\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Display printable strings in a binary file
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-f              Precede strings with filenames
\&        \-o              Precede strings with octal offsets
\&        \-t o|d|x        Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16
\&        \-n LEN          At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
.Ve
.IP "\fBstty\fR" 4
.IX Item "stty"
stty [\-a|g] [\-F \s-1DEVICE\s0] [\s-1SETTING\s0]...
.Sp
Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline,
and deviations from stty sane
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-F DEVICE       Open device instead of stdin
\&        \-a              Print all current settings in human\-readable form
\&        \-g              Print in stty\-readable form
\&        [SETTING]       See manpage
.Ve
.IP "\fBsvc\fR" 4
.IX Item "svc"
svc [\-udopchaitkx] \s-1SERVICE_DIR...\s0
.Sp
Control services monitored by runsv supervisor
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-u      If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops
\&        \-d      If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it
\&        \-o      Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it
\&        \-pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service
\&        \-x      Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is down
.Ve
.IP "\fBsvok\fR" 4
.IX Item "svok"
svok \s-1SERVICE_DIR\s0
.Sp
Check whether runsv supervisor is running.
Exit code is 0 if it does, 100 if it does not,
111 (with error message) if \s-1SERVICE_DIR\s0 does not exist.
.IP "\fBswapoff\fR" 4
.IX Item "swapoff"
swapoff [\-a] [\s-1DEVICE\s0]
.Sp
Stop swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
.Ve
.IP "\fBswapon\fR" 4
.IX Item "swapon"
swapon [\-a] [\-e] [\-d[\s-1POL\s0]] [\s-1DEVICE\s0]
.Sp
Start swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-a      Start swapping on all swap devices
\&        \-d[POL] Discard blocks at swapon (POL=once),
\&                as freed (POL=pages), or both (POL omitted)
\&        \-e      Silently skip devices that do not exist
.Ve
.IP "\fBswitch_root\fR" 4
.IX Item "switch_root"
switch_root [\-c \s-1CONSOLE_DEV\s0] \s-1NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
.Sp
chroot to \s-1NEW_ROOT,\s0 delete all in /, move \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 to /,
execute \s-1NEW_INIT. PID\s0 must be 1. \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 must be a mountpoint.
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
.Ve
.IP "\fBsync\fR" 4
.IX Item "sync"
sync [\-df] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Write all buffered blocks (in FILEs) to disk
	\-d	Avoid syncing metadata
	\-f	Sync filesystems underlying FILEs
.IP "\fBsysctl\fR" 4
.IX Item "sysctl"
sysctl [\-enq] { \-a | \-p [\s-1FILE\s0]... | [\-w] [KEY[=VALUE]]... }
.Sp
Show/set kernel parameters
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-e      Don\*(Aqt warn about unknown keys
\&        \-n      Don\*(Aqt show key names
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-a      Show all values
\&        \-p      Set values from FILEs (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
\&        \-w      Set values
.Ve
.IP "\fBsyslogd\fR" 4
.IX Item "syslogd"
syslogd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0]
.Sp
System logging utility
(this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf)
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-n              Run in foreground
\&        \-R HOST[:PORT]  Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514)
\&        \-L              Log locally and via network (default is network only if \-R)
\&        \-C[size_kb]     Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it)
\&        \-O FILE         Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if \-)
\&        \-l N            Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1\-8)
\&        \-S              Smaller output
\&        \-t              Strip client\-generated timestamps
.Ve
.IP "\fBtac\fR" 4
.IX Item "tac"
tac [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse
.IP "\fBtail\fR" 4
.IX Item "tail"
tail [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print last 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin) to.
With more than one \s-1FILE,\s0 precede each with a filename header.
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-c [+]N[bkm]    Print last N bytes
\&        \-n N[bkm]       Print last N lines
\&        \-n +N[bkm]      Start on Nth line and print the rest
\&                        (b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2)
\&        \-q              Never print headers
\&        \-v              Always print headers
\&        \-f              Print data as file grows
\&        \-F              Same as \-f, but keep retrying
\&        \-s SECONDS      Wait SECONDS between reads with \-f
.Ve
.IP "\fBtar\fR" 4
.IX Item "tar"
tar c|x|t [\-ZzJjahmvokO] [\-f \s-1TARFILE\s0] [\-C \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Create, extract, or list files from a tar file
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        c       Create
\&        x       Extract
\&        t       List
\&        \-f FILE Name of TARFILE (\*(Aq\-\*(Aq for stdin/out)
\&        \-C DIR  Change to DIR before operation
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-O      Extract to stdout
\&        \-m      Don\*(Aqt restore mtime
\&        \-o      Don\*(Aqt restore user:group
\&        \-k      Don\*(Aqt replace existing files
\&        \-Z      (De)compress using compress
\&        \-z      (De)compress using gzip
\&        \-J      (De)compress using xz
\&        \-j      (De)compress using bzip2
\&        \-\-lzma  (De)compress using lzma
\&        \-a      (De)compress based on extension
\&        \-h      Follow symlinks
\&        \-\-overwrite             Replace existing files
\&        \-\-strip\-components NUM  NUM of leading components to strip
\&        \-\-no\-recursion          Don\*(Aqt descend in directories
\&        \-\-numeric\-owner         Use numeric user:group
\&        \-\-no\-same\-permissions   Don\*(Aqt restore access permissions
\&        \-\-to\-command COMMAND    Pipe files to COMMAND
.Ve
.IP "\fBtaskset\fR" 4
.IX Item "taskset"
taskset [\-ap] [\s-1HEXMASK\s0 | \-c \s-1LIST\s0] { \s-1PID\s0 | \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 }
.Sp
Set or get \s-1CPU\s0 affinity
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-p      Operate on PID
\&        \-a      Operate on all threads
\&        \-c      Affinity is a list, not mask
.Ve
.IP "\fBtee\fR" 4
.IX Item "tee"
tee [\-ai] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Copy stdin to each \s-1FILE,\s0 and also to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-a      Append to the given FILEs, don\*(Aqt overwrite
\&        \-i      Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)
.Ve
.IP "\fBtelnet\fR" 4
.IX Item "telnet"
telnet [\-a] [\-l \s-1USER\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0]
.Sp
Connect to telnet server
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-a      Automatic login with $USER variable
\&        \-l USER Automatic login as USER
.Ve
.IP "\fBtftp\fR" 4
.IX Item "tftp"
tftp [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0]
.Sp
Transfer a file from/to tftp server
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-l FILE Local FILE
\&        \-r FILE Remote FILE
\&        \-g      Get file
\&        \-p      Put file
\&        \-b SIZE Transfer blocks in bytes
.Ve
.IP "\fBtime\fR" 4
.IX Item "time"
time [\-vpa] [\-o \s-1FILE\s0] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0
.Sp
Run \s-1PROG,\s0 display resource usage when it exits
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-p      POSIX output format
\&        \-f FMT  Custom format
\&        \-o FILE Write result to FILE
\&        \-a      Append (else overwrite)
.Ve
.IP "\fBtimeout\fR" 4
.IX Item "timeout"
timeout [\-s \s-1SIG\s0] [\-k \s-1KILL_SECS\s0] \s-1SECS PROG ARGS\s0
.Sp
Run \s-1PROG.\s0 Send \s-1SIG\s0 to it if it is not gone in \s-1SECS\s0 seconds.
Default \s-1SIG: TERM\s0.If it still exists in \s-1KILL_SECS\s0 seconds, send \s-1KILL.\s0
.IP "\fBtop\fR" 4
.IX Item "top"
top [\-bH] [\-n \s-1COUNT\s0] [\-d \s-1SECONDS\s0]
.Sp
Show a view of process activity in real time.
Read the status of all processes from /proc each \s-1SECONDS\s0
and show a screenful of them.
Keys:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        N/M/P/T: sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
\&        R: reverse sort
\&        H: toggle threads
\&        Q,^C: exit
\&Options:
\&
\&        \-b      Batch mode
\&        \-n N    Exit after N iterations
\&        \-d SEC  Delay between updates
\&        \-H      Show threads
.Ve
.IP "\fBtouch\fR" 4
.IX Item "touch"
touch [\-cham] [\-d \s-1DATE\s0] [\-t \s-1DATE\s0] [\-r \s-1FILE\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0
.Sp
Update mtime of FILEs
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-c      Don\*(Aqt create files
\&        \-h      Don\*(Aqt follow links
\&        \-a      Change only atime
\&        \-m      Change only mtime
\&        \-d DT   Date/time to use
\&        \-t DT   Date/time to use
\&        \-r FILE Use FILE\*(Aqs date/time
.Ve
.IP "\fBtr\fR" 4
.IX Item "tr"
tr [\-cds] \s-1STRING1\s0 [\s-1STRING2\s0]
.Sp
Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c      Take complement of STRING1
\&        \-d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
\&        \-s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
.Ve
.IP "\fBtraceroute\fR" 4
.IX Item "traceroute"
traceroute [\-46Flnrv] [\-f 1ST_TTL] [\-m \s-1MAXTTL\s0] [\-q \s-1PROBES\s0] [\-p \s-1PORT\s0]
	[\-t \s-1TOS\s0] [\-w \s-1WAIT_SEC\s0] [\-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] [\-i \s-1IFACE\s0]
	[\-z \s-1PAUSE_MSEC\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1BYTES\s0]
.Sp
Trace the route to \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-4,\-6   Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
\&        \-F      Set don\*(Aqt fragment bit
\&        \-l      Display TTL value of the returned packet
\&        \-n      Print numeric addresses
\&        \-r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-f N    First number of hops (default 1)
\&        \-m N    Max number of hops
\&        \-q N    Number of probes per hop (default 3)
\&        \-p N    Base UDP port number used in probes
\&                (default 33434)
\&        \-s IP   Source address
\&        \-i IFACE Source interface
\&        \-t N    Type\-of\-service in probe packets (default 0)
\&        \-w SEC  Wait for a response (default 3)
\&        \-z MSEC Wait before each send
.Ve
.IP "\fBtraceroute6\fR" 4
.IX Item "traceroute6"
traceroute6 [\-nrv] [\-f 1ST_TTL] [\-m \s-1MAXTTL\s0] [\-q \s-1PROBES\s0] [\-p \s-1PORT\s0]
	[\-t \s-1TOS\s0] [\-w \s-1WAIT_SEC\s0] [\-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] [\-i \s-1IFACE\s0]
	[\-z \s-1PAUSE_MSEC\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1BYTES\s0]
.Sp
Trace the route to \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-n      Print numeric addresses
\&        \-r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-f N    First number of hops (default 1)
\&        \-m N    Max number of hops
\&        \-q N    Number of probes per hop (default 3)
\&        \-p N    Base UDP port number used in probes
\&                (default 33434)
\&        \-s IP   Source address
\&        \-i IFACE Source interface
\&        \-t N    Type\-of\-service in probe packets (default 0)
\&        \-w SEC  Wait for a response (default 3)
\&        \-z MSEC Wait before each send
.Ve
.IP "\fBtruncate\fR" 4
.IX Item "truncate"
truncate [\-c] \-s \s-1SIZE FILE...\s0
.Sp
Truncate FILEs to \s-1SIZE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-c      Do not create files
\&        \-s SIZE
.Ve
.IP "\fBts\fR" 4
.IX Item "ts"
ts [\-is] [\s-1STRFTIME\s0]
.Sp
Pipe stdin to stdout, add timestamp to each line
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-s      Time since start
\&        \-i      Time since previous line
.Ve
.IP "\fBtty\fR" 4
.IX Item "tty"
tty [\-s]
.Sp
Print file name of stdin's terminal
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-s      Print nothing, only return exit status
.Ve
.IP "\fBubirename\fR" 4
.IX Item "ubirename"
ubirename \s-1UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME\s0 [\s-1OLD2 NEW2\s0]...
.Sp
Rename \s-1UBI\s0 volumes on \s-1UBI_DEVICE\s0
.IP "\fBudhcpc\fR" 4
.IX Item "udhcpc"
udhcpc [\-fbqRB] [\-a[\s-1MSEC\s0]] [\-t N] [\-T \s-1SEC\s0] [\-A SEC|\-n]
	[\-i \s-1IFACE\s0] [\-s \s-1PROG\s0] [\-p \s-1PIDFILE\s0]
	[\-oC] [\-r \s-1IP\s0] [\-V \s-1VENDOR\s0] [\-F \s-1NAME\s0] [\-x \s-1OPT:VAL\s0]... [\-O \s-1OPT\s0]...
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-i IFACE        Interface to use (default eth0)
\&        \-s PROG         Run PROG at DHCP events (default /etc/udhcpc/default.script)
\&        \-p FILE         Create pidfile
\&        \-B              Request broadcast replies
\&        \-t N            Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
\&        \-T SEC          Pause between packets (default 3)
\&        \-A SEC          Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
\&        \-b              Background if lease is not obtained
\&        \-n              Exit if lease is not obtained
\&        \-q              Exit after obtaining lease
\&        \-R              Release IP on exit
\&        \-f              Run in foreground
\&        \-S              Log to syslog too
\&        \-a[MSEC]        Validate offered address with ARP ping
\&        \-r IP           Request this IP address
\&        \-o              Don\*(Aqt request any options (unless \-O is given)
\&        \-O OPT          Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
\&        \-x OPT:VAL      Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
\&                        Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
\&                        \-x hostname:bbox \- option 12
\&                        \-x lease:3600 \- option 51 (lease time)
\&                        \-x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE \- option 61 (client id)
\&                        \-x 14:\*(Aq"dumpfile"\*(Aq \- option 14 (shell\-quoted)
\&        \-F NAME         Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
\&        \-V VENDOR       Vendor identifier (default \*(Aqudhcp VERSION\*(Aq)
\&        \-C              Don\*(Aqt send MAC as client identifier
\&Signals:
\&
\&        USR1    Renew lease
\&        USR2    Release lease
.Ve
.IP "\fBudhcpd\fR" 4
.IX Item "udhcpd"
udhcpd [\-fS] [\-I \s-1ADDR\s0] [\-a \s-1MSEC\s0] [\s-1CONFFILE\s0]
.Sp
\&\s-1DHCP\s0 server
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-f      Run in foreground
\&        \-S      Log to syslog too
\&        \-I ADDR Local address
\&        \-a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000)
\&Signals:
\&
\&        USR1    Update lease file
.Ve
.IP "\fBuevent\fR" 4
.IX Item "uevent"
uevent [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
uevent runs \s-1PROG\s0 for every netlink notification.
\&\s-1PROG\s0's environment contains data passed from the kernel.
Typical usage (daemon for dynamic device node creation):
	# uevent mdev & mdev \-s
.IP "\fBumount\fR" 4
.IX Item "umount"
umount [\-rlfda] [\-t \s-1FSTYPE\s0] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY
.Sp
Unmount filesystems
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-a      Unmount all filesystems
\&        \-r      Remount devices read\-only if mount is busy
\&        \-l      Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
\&        \-f      Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
\&        \-d      Free loop device if it has been used
\&        \-t FSTYPE[,...] Unmount only these filesystem type(s)
.Ve
.IP "\fBuname\fR" 4
.IX Item "uname"
uname [\-amnrspvio]
.Sp
Print system information
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-a      Print all
\&        \-m      Machine (hardware) type
\&        \-n      Hostname
\&        \-r      Kernel release
\&        \-s      Kernel name (default)
\&        \-p      Processor type
\&        \-v      Kernel version
\&        \-i      Hardware platform
\&        \-o      OS name
.Ve
.IP "\fBuncompress\fR" 4
.IX Item "uncompress"
uncompress [\-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Overwrite
.Ve
.IP "\fBunexpand\fR" 4
.IX Item "unexpand"
unexpand [\-fa][\-t N] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-a      Convert all blanks
\&        \-f      Convert only leading blanks
\&        \-t N    Tabstops every N chars
.Ve
.IP "\fBuniq\fR" 4
.IX Item "uniq"
uniq [\-cduiz] [\-f,s,w N] [\s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1OUTFILE\s0]]
.Sp
Discard duplicate lines
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-c      Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
\&        \-d      Only print duplicate lines
\&        \-u      Only print unique lines
\&        \-i      Ignore case
\&        \-z      NUL terminated output
\&        \-f N    Skip first N fields
\&        \-s N    Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
\&        \-w N    Compare N characters in line
.Ve
.IP "\fBunix2dos\fR" 4
.IX Item "unix2dos"
unix2dos [\-ud] [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from Unix to \s-1DOS\s0 format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-u      dos2unix
\&        \-d      unix2dos
.Ve
.IP "\fBunlink\fR" 4
.IX Item "unlink"
unlink \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Delete \s-1FILE\s0 by calling \fBunlink()\fR
.IP "\fBunlzma\fR" 4
.IX Item "unlzma"
unlzma [\-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBunshare\fR" 4
.IX Item "unshare"
unshare [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
.Vb 12
\&        \-m,\-\-mount[=FILE]       Unshare mount namespace
\&        \-u,\-\-uts[=FILE]         Unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc.)
\&        \-i,\-\-ipc[=FILE]         Unshare System V IPC namespace
\&        \-n,\-\-net[=FILE]         Unshare network namespace
\&        \-p,\-\-pid[=FILE]         Unshare PID namespace
\&        \-U,\-\-user[=FILE]        Unshare user namespace
\&        \-f                      Fork before execing PROG
\&        \-r                      Map current user to root (implies \-U)
\&        \-\-mount\-proc[=DIR]      Mount /proc filesystem first (implies \-m)
\&        \-\-propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged
\&                                Modify mount propagation in mount namespace
\&        \-\-setgroups allow|deny  Control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces
.Ve
.IP "\fBunxz\fR" 4
.IX Item "unxz"
unxz [\-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBunzip\fR" 4
.IX Item "unzip"
unzip [\-lnojpq] FILE[.zip] [\s-1FILE\s0]... [\-x \s-1FILE\s0]... [\-d \s-1DIR\s0]
.Sp
Extract FILEs from \s-1ZIP\s0 archive
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-l      List contents (with \-q for short form)
\&        \-n      Never overwrite files (default: ask)
\&        \-o      Overwrite
\&        \-j      Do not restore paths
\&        \-p      Write to stdout
\&        \-t      Test
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-x FILE Exclude FILEs
\&        \-d DIR  Extract into DIR
.Ve
.IP "\fBuptime\fR" 4
.IX Item "uptime"
uptime
.Sp
Display the time since the last boot
.IP "\fBusleep\fR" 4
.IX Item "usleep"
usleep N
.Sp
Pause for N microseconds
.IP "\fBuudecode\fR" 4
.IX Item "uudecode"
uudecode [\-o \s-1OUTFILE\s0] [\s-1INFILE\s0]
.Sp
Uudecode a file
Finds \s-1OUTFILE\s0 in uuencoded source unless \-o is given
.IP "\fBuuencode\fR" 4
.IX Item "uuencode"
uuencode [\-m] [\s-1FILE\s0] \s-1STORED_FILENAME\s0
.Sp
Uuencode \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin) to stdout
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-m      Use base64 encoding per RFC1521
.Ve
.IP "\fBvconfig\fR" 4
.IX Item "vconfig"
vconfig \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0]
.Sp
Create and remove virtual ethernet devices
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        add IFACE VLAN_ID
\&        rem VLAN_NAME
\&        set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
\&        set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
\&        set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
\&        set_name_type NAME_TYPE
.Ve
.IP "\fBvi\fR" 4
.IX Item "vi"
vi [\-c \s-1CMD\s0] [\-R] [\-H] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Edit \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c CMD  Initial command to run ($EXINIT and ~/.exrc also available)
\&        \-R      Read\-only
\&        \-H      List available features
.Ve
.IP "\fBw\fR" 4
.IX Item "w"
w
.Sp
Show who is logged on
.IP "\fBwatch\fR" 4
.IX Item "watch"
watch [\-n \s-1SEC\s0] [\-t] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0
.Sp
Run \s-1PROG\s0 periodically
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-n SEC  Period (default 2)
\&        \-t      Don\*(Aqt print header
.Ve
.IP "\fBwatchdog\fR" 4
.IX Item "watchdog"
watchdog [\-t N[ms]] [\-T N[ms]] [\-F] \s-1DEV\s0
.Sp
Periodically write to watchdog device \s-1DEV\s0
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-T N    Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
\&        \-t N    Reset every N seconds (default 30)
\&        \-F      Run in foreground
.Ve
.Sp
Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds
.IP "\fBwc\fR" 4
.IX Item "wc"
wc [\-cmlwL] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Count lines, words, and bytes for FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-c      Count bytes
\&        \-m      Count characters
\&        \-l      Count newlines
\&        \-w      Count words
\&        \-L      Print longest line length
.Ve
.IP "\fBwget\fR" 4
.IX Item "wget"
wget [\-cqS] [\-\-spider] [\-O \s-1FILE\s0] [\-o \s-1LOGFILE\s0] [\-\-header \s-1STR\s0]
	[\-\-post\-data \s-1STR\s0 | \-\-post\-file \s-1FILE\s0] [\-Y on/off]
	[\-\-no\-check\-certificate] [\-P \s-1DIR\s0] [\-U \s-1AGENT\s0] \s-1URL...\s0
.Sp
Retrieve files via \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1FTP\s0
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-\-spider        Only check URL existence: $? is 0 if exists
\&        \-\-header STR    Add STR (of form \*(Aqheader: value\*(Aq) to headers
\&        \-\-post\-data STR Send STR using POST method
\&        \-\-post\-file FILE        Send FILE using POST method
\&        \-\-no\-check\-certificate  Don\*(Aqt validate the server\*(Aqs certificate
\&        \-c              Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
\&        \-q              Quiet
\&        \-P DIR          Save to DIR (default .)
\&        \-S              Show server response
\&        \-O FILE         Save to FILE (\*(Aq\-\*(Aq for stdout)
\&        \-o LOGFILE      Log messages to FILE
\&        \-U STR          Use STR for User\-Agent header
\&        \-Y on/off       Use proxy
.Ve
.IP "\fBwhich\fR" 4
.IX Item "which"
which [\-a] \s-1COMMAND...\s0
.Sp
Locate \s-1COMMAND\s0
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-a      Show all matches
.Ve
.IP "\fBwho\fR" 4
.IX Item "who"
who [\-aH]
.Sp
Show who is logged on
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-a      Show all
\&        \-H      Print column headers
.Ve
.IP "\fBwhoami\fR" 4
.IX Item "whoami"
whoami
.Sp
Print the user name associated with the current effective user id
.IP "\fBxargs\fR" 4
.IX Item "xargs"
xargs [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Run \s-1PROG\s0 on every item given by stdin
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-0      NUL terminated input
\&        \-a FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
\&        \-r      Don\*(Aqt run command if input is empty
\&        \-t      Print the command on stderr before execution
\&        \-p      Ask user whether to run each command
\&        \-E STR,\-e[STR]  STR stops input processing
\&        \-I STR  Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line
\&        \-n N    Pass no more than N args to PROG
\&        \-s N    Pass command line of no more than N bytes
\&        \-P N    Run up to N PROGs in parallel
\&        \-x      Exit if size is exceeded
.Ve
.IP "\fBxxd\fR" 4
.IX Item "xxd"
xxd [\-pri] [\-g N] [\-c N] [\-n \s-1LEN\s0] [\-s \s-1OFS\s0] [\-o \s-1OFS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Hex dump \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-g N            Bytes per group
\&        \-c N            Bytes per line
\&        \-p              Show only hex bytes, assumes \-c30
\&        \-i              C include file style
\&        \-l LENGTH       Show only first LENGTH bytes
\&        \-s OFFSET       Skip OFFSET bytes
\&        \-o OFFSET       Add OFFSET to displayed offset
\&        \-r              Reverse (with \-p, assumes no offsets in input)
.Ve
.IP "\fBxz\fR" 4
.IX Item "xz"
xz \-d [\-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-d      Decompress
\&        \-c      Write to stdout
\&        \-f      Force
\&        \-k      Keep input files
\&        \-t      Test integrity
.Ve
.IP "\fBxzcat\fR" 4
.IX Item "xzcat"
xzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress to stdout
.IP "\fByes\fR" 4
.IX Item "yes"
yes [\s-1STRING\s0]
.Sp
Repeatedly print a line with \s-1STRING,\s0 or 'y'
.IP "\fBzcat\fR" 4
.IX Item "zcat"
zcat [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Decompress to stdout
.SH "LIBC NSS"
.IX Header "LIBC NSS"
\&\s-1GNU\s0 Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (\s-1NSS\s0) to configure the behavior
of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
system data, such as passwords and group information.  This is implemented
using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the
/lib/libnss_* libraries.  BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make
use of \s-1NSS.\s0  Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions
that require \s-1NSS.\s0
.PP
If you enable \s-1CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP,\s0 BusyBox will use internal functions to
directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without
using \s-1NSS.\s0  This may allow you to run your system without the need for
installing any of the \s-1NSS\s0 configuration files and libraries.
.PP
When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require
that you install at least some of the glibc \s-1NSS\s0 stuff (in particular,
/etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).
.PP
Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc.  In
addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the
use of any \s-1NSS\s0 support files or libraries.
.SH "MAINTAINER"
.IX Header "MAINTAINER"
Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
.SH "AUTHORS"
.IX Header "AUTHORS"
The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or
not.  If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be
listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory.  If you should be
listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is
incorrect, please send in an update.
.PP
Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    run\-parts
.Ve
.PP
Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
.PP
.Vb 4
\&    Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
\&    core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
\&    Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
\&    nobody is going to actually read.
.Ve
.PP
Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm
.Ve
.PP
Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    ftpput, ftpget
.Ve
.PP
Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    expr, hostid, logname, whoami
.Ve
.PP
John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    du, nslookup, sort
.Ve
.PP
Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    tiny\-ls(ls)
.Ve
.PP
Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    fbset, ping, hostname
.Ve
.PP
Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
\&    various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance
.Ve
.PP
Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    ipcalc
.Ve
.PP
Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    tftp client insmod powerpc support
.Ve
.PP
Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.
.Ve
.PP
Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    httpd
.Ve
.PP
Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
\&    logread), various fixes.
.Ve
.PP
Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.
.Ve
.PP
Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    mktemp.c
.Ve
.PP
Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    documentation, bugfixes, test suite
.Ve
.PP
Stephan Linz <linz@li\-pro.net>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence
.Ve
.PP
John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    tr
.Ve
.PP
Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>
.PP
.Vb 3
\&    Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
\&    nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
\&    Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.
.Ve
.PP
Manuel Novoa \s-1III\s0 <mjn3@codepoet.org>
.PP
.Vb 3
\&    cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
\&    mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
\&    get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines
\&
\&    also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
\&    ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
\&    mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
\&    interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route
.Ve
.PP
Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>
.PP
.Vb 4
\&    cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
\&    ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
\&    locale, various fixes
\&    and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.
.Ve
.PP
Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
\&    still be found hiding here and there...
.Ve
.PP
Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    bug fixes, member of fan club
.Ve
.PP
Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.
.Ve
.PP
Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    wget \- Contributed by permission of Covad Communications
.Ve
.PP
Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    Lots of bugs fixes and patches.
.Ve
.PP
Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis\-sw.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    Remote logging feature for syslogd
.Ve
.PP
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix
.Ve
.PP
Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
\&    style\-guide, new\-applet\-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.
.Ve
.PP
Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    gzip, mini\-netcat(nc)
.Ve
.PP
Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance
.Ve
.PP
Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.
.Ve
.PP
Paul Fox <pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes
.Ve
.PP
Roberto A. Foglietta <me@roberto.foglietta.name>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    port: dnsd
.Ve
.PP
Bernhard Reutner-Fischer <rep.dot.nop@gmail.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    misc
.Ve
.PP
Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc
.Ve
.PP
Jie Zhang <jie.zhang@analog.com>
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)
.Ve
